. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Risk Uncertain. 2020 Jul 16;60(3):207–228. doi: 10.1007/s11166-020-09326-5

Table 2.

Effect of the MN E-cigarette Tax on Smoking DD: MN vs. Synthetic MN

Model type	Data	Coefficient of the treatment variable	Standard Error	t-value	P-value
DL1	Levels	0.9264^***	0.2094	4.42	0.004
DL2	Wave Differences	0.8449^**	0.3250	2.60	0.048

Note: 2002 data are not used in the model for Wave Differences. Asterisks denote significance as follows:

^***

p-value ≤ 0.01

^**

0.01 < p-value ≤ 0.05

0.05 < p-value ≤ 0.10.