Table 2.

Evaluation of the mechanism of effects and herbs effective in reducing menopausal symptoms

Scientific name of the plant	Effective material	Mechanism of effect	Type of study	Source
Black Cohosh	Phytoestrogenic properties.[54] Estrogen receptor modulators and effects of dopaminergic, serotonergic, and progestogenic and rich source of gamolenic acid (a precursor of prostaglandin E)[55]	Reduce sleep problems and vasomotor disorders.[56] Reduce the severity of hot flashes.[55] Reduce vasomotor symptom.[57]	Clinical trial, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled.[56,57] Randomized clinical trial.[55]	[54,57]
Evening primrose oil	Source of unsaturated fatty acids.[55] Source of Omega 6 Fatty Acids.[58] The exact mechanism of action is not well understood.[59]	Reduce the severity of hot flashes.[55,59]	Randomized clinical trial.[43][55] Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.[59]	[55,58,59]
Hop (Humulus lupulus)	Contains 8-Perenylnarangine (8-PN) is the strongest phytoestrogen known to date.[60]	Reduce hot flashes.[60] Reduce early Symptoms of menopause and hot flashes.[61]	Systematic review and meta-analysis.[60] Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.[61]	[60,61]
Ginkgo	Contains Phytoestrogenic properties.[62]	Increases libido in postmenopausal women, facilitates blood flow, affects nitric oxide systems, and has a relaxing effect on smooth muscles.[62] Improves memory and mental flexibility.[63,64]	Trial triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled.[62] Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled.[63,64]	[62,64]
Wild yam	Contains DOI1 protein for the treatment of menopausal syndrome.[65]	Improves the status of sex hormones, fats, and antioxidants, which may reduce the risk of breast cancer and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women.[66] Low impact on menopausal symptoms.[67]	Clinical trial study.[66] Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled.[67]	[65,67]
Gin seng	Contains Phytoestrogenic properties.[68] Ginsenosides in ginseng have various biological and pharmacological activities.[69]	Improve sexual function and arousal and improve hot flashes.[70] Improve sexual function and quality of life and reduce menopausal symptoms and enhance menopausal women's health.[68] Reduce oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity in postmenopausal women.[69] Improvement of menopausal symptoms and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease[71] antidepression.[72]	Review study.[70] Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.[68,69,70,71] Clinical trial.[72]	[68]

1 - Dioscorea opposita Thunb. A novel protein, designated as DOI, isolated from the Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb), DOI is an acid - and thermo-stable protein with a distinctive N - terminal sequence