Table 3.

Evaluation of the mechanism of effects and herbs effective in reducing menopausal symptoms

Scientific name of the plant	Properties of plants	Mechanism of effect	Type of study	Source
kava	Contains analgesic and relaxing properties[73]	Reduce menopausal anxiety.[73]	Placebo-controlled clinical trial.[73]	[73]
Urtica dioica	Nettle contains many micronutrients and active ingredients such as phenols, vitamins (A, B2, B5), and minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron), and contains phytoestrogenic compounds.[74]	Reduce hot flashes.[74]	Double-blind, controlled, randomized clinical trial.[74]	[74]
Trigonella foehum	Contains hormone modulating activity.[75] Contains Phytoestrogenic properties.[76]	Reduce the severity of hot flashes, night sweats, and menopausal symptoms.[75]	Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.[75]	[75,76]
Hypericum perforatum	Phytoestrogenic properties.[77]	Reduce the severity of hot flashes.[77,78] Reduce sleep problems.[78]	Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.[77,78]	[77,78]
Red clover	Contains isoflavonoids.[79,80]	Reduce vasomotor symptoms.[79] Improve vaginal atrophy.[81] Reduce the severity of hot flashes.[80,82] Reduce the severity of menopausal symptoms.[83]	Parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.[79] Review and meta-analysis study.[80,81] Clinical trial, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled.[83] Clinical trial, randomized, placebo-controlled.[82]	[79,80,81,82,83]
Chmomile	Flavonoid compounds may have antianxiety and antidepressant properties.[84]	Reduce sleep disturbance.[85]	Randomized clinical trial, double-blind.[85]	[84,85]
Nigella sativa	It has antioxidant activity, immune modulatory, antibacterial, blood pressure lowering, protective effects on the liver with antidiabetic effects. It also produces eicosanoid generation in leukocytes and membrane lipid peroxidation.[86] Contains hypolipidemic effects.[87]	Improve the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in the blood of postmenopausal women.[86] Improve lipid profile.[87] Improve lipid profile and blood glucose as well as hormone levels that have important effects on the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome in menopause, have therapeutic and protective effects on menopause.[88,89]	Clinical trial.[86] Randomized clinical trial, double-blind.[87] Randomized clinical trial, placebo-controlled.[88,89]	[86,87,88,89]
Alium sativum	It has antioxidant activity, has steroid glycosides, contains vitamins B1, B2, B6, C and E; biotin, nicotinic acid; fatty acids; glycolipids; essential phospholipids and amino acids; It has antibacterial, antitumor, antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, and anticholesterol properties.[86]	Improve the balance between blood oxidants and antioxidants in postmenopausal women.[86]	Clinical trial.[86]	[86]