Table 1.
Description of the cephalometric landmarks and measurements used in the study
| LANDMARK | DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|
| Sella (S) | The center of sella turcica |
| Nasion (N) | The most anterior point of the frontonasal suture |
| Point A (A) | The innermost point on the contour of the maxilla between the anterior nasal spine and the alveolar crest |
| Point B (B) | The most posterior point in the concavity along the anterior border of the symphysis |
| Gonion (Go) | The most prominent point on the angle of the mandible formed by the junction of the ramus and the body of the mandible |
| Gnathion (Gn) | Midpoint between menton and pogonion |
| Pog’ | Soft tissue pogonion |
| Pronasale (Pr) | Tip of the nose |
| Upper lip (UL) | Most anterior point of the upper lip |
| Lower lip (LL) | Most anterior point of the lower lip |
| Incision superior incisal (Is) | The midpoint of the incisal edge of the most prominent maxillary central incisor |
| Incision inferior (Ii) | The midpoint of the incisal edge of the most prominent mandibular central incisor |
| U1F | Most anterior point of the maxillary central incisor |
| L1F | Most anterior point of the mandibular central incisor |
| SNA (°) | Angle determined by points S, N, and A |
| SNB (°) | Angle determined by points S, N, and B |
| ANB (°) | Angle determined by points A, N, and B |
| I-I (°) | Angle formed by the intersection of the upper incisor axis and the lower incisor axis |
| I-NA (°) | Angle formed by the intersection of the upper incisor axis and the NA line |
| I-NA (mm) | Linear distance between the most anterior point of the maxillary central incisor (U1F) and the NA line |
| I-NB (°) | Angle formed by the intersection of the lower incisor axis and the NB line |
| I-NB (mm) | Linear distance between the most anterior point of the mandibular central incisor (L1F) and the NB line |
| Occlusal Plane | The line joining the distal occlusal contact point of the first molars to midway of the anterior overbite |
| GoMe plane | A line between gonion and menton |
| OCC-SN (°) | Angle between the SN line and the occlusal plane |
| GoGn-SN (°) | Angle between the Go-Gn and SN lines |
| E-line | Esthetic line joining the soft tissue pogonion and pronasale |
| UL E-line (mm) | Linear distance between the most anterior point of the upper lip (UL) and the E-Line |
LL E-line (mm) Linear distance between the most anterior point of the lower lip (LL) and the E-Line