Table 1.

Summary of Clinical Outcomes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2–positive Solid Organ Transplant Recipients, by Study

SOT	Author [reference]	Location	No. of Cases (n)		Age and Sex	Comorbidities	Immunosuppressive Regimen	Time From Transplant	Initial Presentation (Symptoms)	Treatment	Clinical Course	Outcomes
Multiple SOT types	Tschopp et al [18]	Switzerland	21 Kidney (48%) Liver (24%) >1 organ (14%) Pancreas (5%) Lung (5%) Heart (5%)		Median 56 years 71% male	HTN (67%) DM (43%) Obesity (24%)	Tac (86%) Prednisone (43%) MMF (17%) CSA (10%) Aza (10%) mTOR (5%)	Median 47 months	Fever (76%), dry cough (57%), nausea (33%) and diarrhea (33%).	Immunosuppressant modified in 14 pts (67%); HCQ, azithromycin lopinavir/ritonavir	20 pts (95%) admitted 5 pts (25%) to ICU	16 pts (80%) discharged 3 pts (15%) remain hospitalized 2 pts (10%) died
	Fernández-Ruiz et al [11]	Spain	18 Kidney (44%) Liver (33%) Heart (22%)		Median 71 years 77% male	HTN (72%) DM (50%) Cirrhosis (28%) Obesity (11%)	Prednisone (67%) MMF/MPA (61%) Tac (56%) EVE (22%) CSA (17%) Aza (6%) mTOR (6%)	Median 9.3 years	Fever (83%), gastrointestinal symptoms (28%), respiratory failure (28%)	Lopinavir/ritonavir ± HCQ (50%) HCQ monotherapy (28%) Interferon-β (17%)	2 pts (11%) required ICU and invasive mechanical ventilation 4 pts (22%) developed progressive respiratory failure 1 (6%) pt had improvement in condition	5 pts died (28%) 5 pts (28%) remain hospitalized 8 pts (44%) discharged
	Pereira et al [8]	United States	90 Kidney (51%) Lung (19%) Liver (14%) Heart (10%) Heart-kidney (3%) Liver-kidney (1%) Kidney-pancreas (1%)		Median 57 years 59% male	HTN (64%) DM (46%) CKD (63%) Chronic lung disease (19%) Dialysis (6%) Obesity (6%) Cancer (3%) HIV (1%)	CNI (86%) MMF (72%) Steroid (59%) Aza (4%) Belatacept (6%) IVIG ± pheresis (3%) mTOR (7%)	Median 6.64 years	Fever (70%), cough (59%), dyspnea (43%), fatigue (28%), myalgias (24%), diarrhea (31%)	Immunosuppressant held or reduced in majority of hospitalized pts HCQ (91%) Azithromycin (66%) Remdesivir (3%) Tocilizumab (21%) Bolus steroid (24%)	22 (24%) required outpatient care 68 pts (76%) admitted; of these, 27 (30%) had severe disease requiring intubation or admission to ICU	16 pts (18%) died 37 pts (54%) discharged
	Travi et al [19]	Italy	13 Liver (54%) Kidney (31%) Heart/kidney (15%)		Median 59 years 69% male	HTN (54%) DM (31%)	Tac (54%) CSA (38%) MMF (38%) Steroid (46%) Belatacept (8%)	Median 5.3 years	Respiratory symptoms	62% had reduction or change to immunosuppressant medication HCQ (62%) HCQ + lopinavir/ritonavir (23%) Remdesivir (8%) High-dose steroids (23%) Tocilizumab (15%)	69% developed respiratory failure	1 pt died
	Fung et al [20]	United States	10 Kidney (70%) 7 Lung (10%) 1 Heart (10%) 1 Liver (10%) 1		Median 56.5 years 60% male 6	HTN, DM, cardiovascular disease	Triple immunosuppression (70%) 7	Median 6.1 years	Fever (80%), cough (80%), dyspnea (80%), myalgia (60%), fatigue (50%)	Immunosuppressive medications decreased in 8 (80%) 2 (20%) enrolled in RCT 3 (30%) with either HCQ, azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir, 7 (70%) abx	70% hospitalized 30% required ICU admission; all developed ARDS and shock	5 pts (50%) discharged 2 pts (20%) remain hospitalized
	Hoek et al [21]	Netherlands	23 Kidney (65%) 15 Heart (13%) 3 Lung (13%) 3 Liver (4%) 1 Kidney-heart (4%) 1		Mean 59 years 78% male 18	HTN (83%) 19, DM (43%) 10, obese (22%) 5	CNI + MMF (61%) 14 CNI, MMF + steroid (26%) 6 Steroid (4%) 1 EVE (4%) 1	<1 year (4%) >1 year (96%)	Fever (81%) 19, cough (71%) 16, dyspnea (59%) 14	57% remained on immunosuppressive medications 13 All hospitalized pts received abx HCQ (13%) 3	83% required hospitalization 19 13% monitored at home without additional treatment 3 2 pts (9%) admitted to ICU requiring ventilation	5 (22%) died 14 (61%) recovered and discharged 4 (17%) with clinical improvement
	Hsu et al [22]	Los Angeles, CA	1 heart/kidney		39 years, male	DM, HTN, obesity, chronic foot ulcer	Tac, MMF, prednisone	3 years	Fever, headache, sore throat, dry cough, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgias	HCQ Enrolled in clinical trial	Tac, prednisone, continued for entirety of illness course, MMF held starting SD 4 Presented to ED on SD 2; home quarantine SD 3; worsening symptoms and hospitalization SD 4, discharge SD 5; readmission SD 8; worsening hypoxia and transfer to ICU ID 9; transferred out of ICU; discharged SD 15	Alive, discharged
	Yi et al [23]	Houston, TX	21 Kidney (57%) 12 Liver (14%) 3 Lung (10%) 2 Heart-lung (5%) 1 Liver-kidney (5%) 1 Heart-kidney (5%) 1 Kidney-pancreas (5%) 1		Mean 54.8 years 62% male 13	90% with either HTN, DM, obesity, chronic lung disease, CVD	Triple immunosuppression (81%) 17	Median of 5.58 years	95% with fever, cough SOB 20 43% with diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain 9	Immunosuppressive medications adjusted daily based on organ type Azith ± HCQ, tolicuzimab remdesivir, ribavirin	33% treated as outpatients 7 67% hospitalized 14 50% hospitalized pts admitted to the ICU, 36% of hospitalized requiring ventilatory support 7 ICU, 5 vent	1 pt (5%) died (heart-kidney) 4 (19%) remain in ICU 6 (29%) discharged
Heart SOT	Holzhauser et al [24]	United States	2		Pt 1: 59 years/female Pt 2: 75 years/male	Pt 1: HTN, DM, CKD Pt 2: HTN, DM, CKD, and CAV	Pt 1: Tac, MPA Pt 2: CSA, MMF	Pt 1: 8 years Pt 2: 20 years	Pt 1: Fever, myalgia, fatigue, diarrhea, productive cough Pt 2: Fever, cough, diarrhea, fatigue, anorexia	Pt 1: Cefepime, vancomycin, oseltamivir, HCQ, tocilizumab, doxycycline, IVIG, lopinavir/ritonavir, micafungin, SMZ-TMP, tobramycin, linezolid Immunosuppressants held Pt 2: HCQ, tocilizumab, methylprednisolone MMF held	Pt 1: Respiratory failure, renal failure, and ARDS requiring intubation Pt 2: Required noninvasive respiratory support; clinical improvement over course of hospitalization	Pt 1: Died Pt 2: Alive, discharged
	Li et al [25]	China	2		Pt 1: 51 years/male Pt 2: 43 years/male	Pt 1: HTN Pt 2: Hyperlipidemia, IGT	Pt 1: Tac, MMF Pt 2: Tac, MMF	Pt 1: 17 years Pt 2: 3 years	Pt 1: Fever, chills, fatigue, anorexia, diarrhea Pt 2: Fever	Pt 1: Levofloxacin ribavirin, moxifloxacin, ganciclovir, IVIG, methylprednisolone, Umifenovir Pt 2: Ceftriaxone, ganciclovir, moxifloxacin, Umifenovir	Pt 1: Hospital admission MMF and Tac held 5 days Pt 2: Home quarantine followed by hospitalization for 5 days	Pt 1: Alive, discharged Pt 2: Alive, discharged
	Russell et al [26]	United States	1		3 years/female	EBV	Tac	25 months	Productive cough, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion	IVIG	Hospital admission; remained clinically stable with mild clinical course	Alive, discharged
	Latif et al [27]	United States	28		Median 64 years 79% male	HTN (71%) DM (61%), CAV (57%) Obesity (25%)	CNI (96%), MMF (68%) Steroid (68%) Sirolimus/EVE (18%)	Median 8.6 years	Fever (83%), dyspnea/cough (91%), gastrointestinal symptoms (48%)	22 pts (79%) had change in immunosuppressant medications on hospitalization HCQ (78%), High-dose steroid (47%) IL-6-ra (26%)	6 pts (21%) managed outpatient 22 pts (79%) hospitalized 7 pts (25%) required mechanical ventilation	7 admitted pts (25%) died 11 admitted pts (50%) discharged 4 admitted pts (18%) remain hospitalized
Kidney SOT	Alberici et al [28]	Italy	20	Not reported		Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	HCQ (95%) Dexamethasone (55%) Tocilizumab (30%)	4 pts (20%) admitted to ICU	5 pts (25%) died 3 pts (15%) discharged
	Banerjee et al [29]	England	7	Median age 54 years (range, 45-69) Pt 1: 48/male Pt 2: 67/female Pt 3: 54/female Pt 4: 65/male Pt 5: 69/female Pt 6: 54/male Pt 7: 45/male		Pt 1: HTN Pt 2: DM, HTN Pt 3: Post-transplant diabetes mellitus, CMV Pt 4: HTN, wheelchair bound Pt 5: DM, HTN Pt 6: HTN, hemolytic anemia Pt 7: HTN	Pt 1: Aza, prednisolone Pt 2: Tac, MMF, prednisolone Pt 3: Tac, MMF, prednisolone Pt 4: Tac, MMF, prednisolone Pt 5: Tac, MMF, prednisolone Pt 6: Tac, MMF Pt 7: Tac, Aza, prednisolone	Pt 1: 31 years Pt 2: 1 year Pt 3: 3 months Pt 4: 2 years Pt 5: 2 months Pt 6: 7 years Pt 7: 3 years (second transplant)	Respiratory symptoms (cough, shortness of breath) and fever Pt 5 presented with respiratory symptoms, fever plus vomiting and diarrhea	Pt 1: Aza, prednisolone continued Pt 2: MMF stopped; Tx with broad-spectrum abx in ICU; Tac d/c 1 day before death Pt 3: Tac and MMF stopped; Tx with broad-spectrum abx, oseltamivir; Empiric tx for pneumocystis with high-dose cotrimoxazole Pt 4: MMF stopped Pt 5: MMF stopped; Tx with doxycycline, piperacillin-tazobactam, paracetamol, furosemide, and blood transfusion Pt 6: MMF stopped Pt 7: Aza stopped, Tac dose reduced, prednisolone dose increased	Pt 1: Remained at home Pt 2: Hypoxic, transferred to ICU, required ventilation; developed AKI, severe metabolic acidosis Pt 3: Hypoxic on presentation, started on CPAP; rapid deterioration of respiratory status requiring ventilation Pt 4: Admitted to ICU; stepped down to medical ward Pt 5: Brief ICU stay for respiratory support, not intubated; stepped down to ward Pt 6: Developed AKI, continued to remain symptomatic, and MMF stopped Pt 7: Admitted, managed in the ward; developed severe AKI, required one hemodialysis session	Pt 1: Full recovery Pt 2: Died 12 days after hospitalization Pt 3: Alive, remains on ventilation Pt 4: Alive, requires 4 to 6 L oxygen to maintain saturation Pt 5: Alive, in inpatient ward Pt 6: Stayed at home; alive with continued cough and some flulike symptoms Pt 7: Alive, in inpatient ward
	Arpali et al [30]	Turkey	1	28 years/female		Not reported	Tac and prednisone	6 months	Fever, malaise, sore throat, rhinorrhea	Continued on Tac and prednisone; oseltamivir given at second ED visit	Initially presented to ED, treated with amoxicillin, no SARS-CoV-2 testing done; presented following day to ED with high fever, swabbed for SARS-CoV-2, sent home; 6 days later, testing result positive and returned to hospital to be monitored; discharged after 24 hours	Alive, at home, reports no symptoms
	Guillen et al [31]	Spain	1	50 years/male		HTN	Tac, EVE, prednisone	4 years (third deceased donor transplant)	Fever, vomiting	Ceftriaxone, azithromycin, ceftaroline, meropenem, lopinavir/ritonavir, HCQ, interferon-β, Tac and EVE held due to potential DDI	Presented to ED and discharged with presumptive viral gastroenteritis; presented to ED 5 days later with persistent fever and productive cough, dx with CAP; tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, was placed in isolation; respiratory status worsened, requiring intubation	Remains in ICU with respiratory support
	Zhu et al [32]	China	1	52 years/male		Not reported	Tac, MMF, prednisone	12 years	Fatigue, dyspnea, tightness and chest pain, nausea, loss of appetite, intermittent abdominal pain, occasional dry coughs, fever, headache	Tac, MMF, prednisone discontinued; restarted at full dose 3 days prior to discharge Umifenovir, moxifloxacin, methylprednisolone, IVIG, interferon alpha, carbapenem, pantoprazole	Presented to fever clinic, laboratory findings and chest CT suggestive of SARS-CoV-2 Symptoms worsened at home and admitted to hospital on SD 8; required oxygen via NC; symptoms improved over course of hospitalization; discharged on SD 21	Alive, discharged to home
	Marx et al [33]	France	1	58 years/male		Not reported	Belatacept, MMF, prednisone	3 years	Fever, mild dyspnea, cough	MMF and belatacept discontinued on admission to hospital; CSA started but plan to d/c this and restart MMF and belatacept at next date of infusion	Pt admitted to hospital; treated for possible bacterial superinfection but reported to have mild hospital course	Alive, resolution of fever and respiratory symptoms 5 days after discharge
	Gandolfini et al [34]	Italy	2	Pt 1: 75 years/male Pt 2: 52 years/female		Pt 1: COPD, heart disease, HTN, obesity Pt 2: HTN	Pt 1: Tac, MMF, steroid Pt 2: Tac, MMF, steroid	Pt 1: 120 months Pt 2: 8 months	Cough, myalgia, fever, dyspnea	MMF and Tac were discontinued on the day of admission; both patients received hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir or darunavir/cobicistat Pt 2: Colchicine	Both patients required noninvasive ventilation Pt 1: Abrupt worsening of respiratory conditions and died 5 days after admission Pt 2: Respiratory symptoms worsened and received colchicine; respiratory symptoms improved after drug initiation	Pt 1: Died Pt 2: Alive, remained on noninvasive ventilation
	Akalin et al [35]	United States	36	Median of 60 years 72% males		HTN (94%), DM (70%) History of smoking tobacco or current smokers (36%) CVD (17%)	Tac (97%) Prednisone (94%) MMF (86%)	Not reported	Fever (58%), diarrhea (22%)	Of hospitalized pts: Antimetabolite held in 86% Tac held in 21% HCQ (86%) 21% received leronlimab on a compassionate-use basis 7% received tocilizumab	8 pts (22%) in stable condition were monitored at home 28 pts (78%) were admitted to the hospital; 11 pts (39%) received mechanical ventilation, 6 pts (21%) received renal replacement therapy	10 (28%) pts died, including 2 pts who had been monitored as outpatients 12 pts (43%) remained hospitalized 10 pts (36%) hospitalized discharged to home
	Chen et al [36]	China	1	49 years/male		HTN	Tac, MMF, prednisone	7 years	Loss of appetite, fever	MMF, Tac, and prednisone held Umifenovir, methylprednisolone, moxifloxacin, IVIG, ribavirin	Progressive worsening of cough, shortness of breath, hypoxic, fever; required inhaled oxygen and transferred to respiratory intensive care; symptoms gradually improved over course of hospitalization	Alive, discharged to home
	Fontana et al [37]	Italy	1	61 years/male		CKD, malignancy, coagulopathy, Parkinson disease	CSA, steroid	15 years	Fever/chills	CSA held, steroid increased HCQ, tocilizumab, azithromycin, meropenem	Remained hemodynamically stable throughout hospitalization	Alive, discharged to home
	Zhang et al [38]	China	5	Mean 45 years 80% male 4		HTN (40%), 2 DM (40%), 2 Malignancy (20%), 1	MMF, CNI, and steroid (80%) 4	Range of 2 months to 4 years	Fever (100%), cough (100%), myalgia/fatigue (60%), 3 Sputum (60%) 3	Oseltamivir or arbidol (100%) Abx (20%) 1 IVIG (20%) 1	Immunosuppressant modified after symptom onset All pts hospitalized; resolution of symptoms in 4 (80%) None required intubation or ICU admission	2 (40%) discharged 3 (60%) remain hospitalized
	Abrishami et al [39]	Iran	12	Mean 47.66 years 75% male		HTN (17%)	All on triple therapy (steroid, CNI/sirolimus, MMF/Aza)	Not reported	Fever (75%), cough (75%), dyspnea (42%)	HCQ, lopinavir/ritonavir, abx (100%) IVIG given if pt hypoxic	Immunosuppressant modified for all 100% pts hospitalized; 10 (83%) admitted to ICU; 90% in ICU were intubated	8 (67%) died 4 (33%) discharged
	Columbia University Kidney Transplant Program [40]	United States	15	Median 51 years 65% male 10		Not reported	Tac (93%) 14 MMF/MPA (80%) 12 Prednisone (67%) 10 Belatacept (13%) 2 Leflunomide (7%) 1 Aza (7%) 1	Median 49 months	Fever (87%), 13 Cough (60%), 9 Diarrhea (20%), 3 Myalgias (13%) 2	93% had immunosuppressant regimen changed 14 HCQ ± azithromycin (87%) 13 Tocilizumab (7%) 1	4 (27%) required intubation 6 (40%) developed AKI	2 (13%) died 8 (53%) discharged 6 (40%) remain hospitalized
	Nair et al [41]	United States	10	Median 57 years 60% male 6		HTN (100%), majority also with DM	Tac + MMF/MPA (90%) 9 Steroid (70%) 7 7	Median 7.7 years	Fever, cough, myalgia, fatigue, diarrhea	Hospitalized patients had antimetabolite agent stopped HCQ + azithromycin (100%) Antibiotic (60%)	90% hospitalized 9 5 (50%) admitted to ICU 5 (50%) developed acute kidney injury.	3 (30%) died 7 (70%) discharged
	Zhu et al [32]	China	10	Age between 24 and 65 years 80% male		HTN, CAD, COPD, atrial fibrillation, HF (60%)	Tac (90%) MMF (90%) Steroid (70%) CSA (10%) Mizoribine (10%)	6 mo to 12 years	Fever (90%), cough (90%), shortness of breath (90%), fatigue (90%), diarrhea (30%)	Immunosuppressant medication modified in 90% Methylprednisolone (80%) IVIG (70%) Antiviral (100%)	Mild symptoms in 20% Severe symptoms in 50% Critical symptoms in 30% 100% received NC 30% required noninvasive mechanical ventilation None underwent intubation	80% recovered 1 (10%) remained hospitalized 1 (10%) died
	Machado et al [42]	Brazil	1	69 years/male		HCV, DM, HTN	Tac, MMF, prednisone	6 years	Fever, fatigue, confusion, diarrhea, decreased urine output	MMF held, Tac decreased, prednisone increased on hospitalization HCQ, nitazoxanide, ceftriaxone, azithromycin	Developed mild AKI and severe metabolic acidosis; did not require supplemental oxygen; improved over course of hospitalization	Alive, discharged
	Kim et al [43]	Korea	2	Pt 1: 37 years/male Pt 2: 56 years/male		Not reported	Pt 1: Tac, MMF, prednisolone Pt 2: Tac, MMF, prednisolone	Pt 1: 4 years Pt 2: 8 years	Pt 1: Fever, cough, rhinorrhea, diarrhea, and decreased urine output Pt 2: Asymptomatic	Pt 1: MMF, tac held; Lopinavir/ritonavir and HCQ Pt 2: MMF held; HCQ with azithromycin	Pt 1: Improvement in clinical course and kidney function; did not require supplemental oxygen Pt 2: Remained hemodynamically stable with mild symptoms (cough); did not require supplemental oxygen	Pt 1: Recovered Pt 2: Recovered
	Seminari et al [44]	Italy	1	50 years/male		HTN, DM	Tac, MMF	4 years	Fever, cough	Ceftriaxone	Improvement in clinical course	Alive, discharged
	Wang et al [45]	China	1	49 years/male		HTN, DM	CSA, MMF, prednisone	2 years	Fever, respiratory symptoms	Immunosuppressant medications continued Lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, interferon-α2b, methylprednisolone	Required supplemental oxygen; respiratory status improved over course of admission	Recovered
	Billah et al [46]	United States	1	44years/M		Not reported	Tac, MMF, prednisone	7 years	Dyspnea	Immunosuppressant medications continued Methylprednisolone	Developed AKI requiring dialysis; Intubated for respiratory failure	Remains both dialysis and ventilator dependent
	Cheng et al [47]	China	2	Pt 1: 48 years/male Pt 2: 65 years/female		Pt 1: Not reported Pt 2: Not reported	Pt 1: Tac, MMF, prednisone Pt 2: Tac, MMF, prednisone	Pt 1: 11 years Pt 2: 9 years	Pt 1: Fever, chest tightness Pt 2: Fever, cough, chest tightness, myalgia	Pt 1: Immunosuppressant medications held; methylprednisolone Pt 2: Immunosuppressant medications held; moxifloxacin, Umifenovir, IVIG, methylprednisolone	Pt 1: Symptomatic supportive treatment with improvement in clinical course Pt 2: Respiratory symptoms initially deteriorated; required supplementary oxygen; gradual improvement in clinical course	Pt 1: Alive, discharged Pt 2: Alive, discharged
	Crespo et al [48]	Spain	16	Median 73.6 years 75% male 12		HTN (88%) 14, DM (50%) 8, heart disease (50%) 8, obesity (44%) 7, malignancy (31%) 5, lung disease (19%) 3	CNI (88%) 14 prednisone (81%) 13, MMF (50%) 8, mTOR (31%) 5, TCDA (19%) 3	Not reported	Fever (100%), dyspnea (75%) 12 myalgia (50%) 8, diarrhea (25%) 4	Tac held in 70%, MMF and mTOR held in all 16 Abx (88%), 14 HCQ (81%) 13, steroid (38%) 6 ritonavir-lopinavir/darunavir (31%), 5 tocilizumab (25%) 4	15 pts (94%) hospitalized 6 pts (40%) required ICU admission	8 pts (53%) died
	Ning et al [49]	China	1	29 years/male		HTN	MMF, CSA, methylprednisolone	2 years	Fever/chills, fatigue	Immunosuppressant medications continued SMZ-TMP, moxifloxacin, lopinavir/ritonavir	Developed oliguria and hyponatremia; clinical course improved over course of admission	Resolution and discharge
	Bush et al [50]	United States	1	13 years/male		Chronic severe constipation, rectal prolapse, cecostomy, colostomy with colonic resection	Sirolimus, MMF	6 years	Rhinorrhea, cough, fever	MMF and sirolimus reduced Antibiotics	Required NC; remained hemodynamically stable	Alive, discharged to home
	Kumar et al [51]	United States	1	50 years/male		HIV, HTN, asthma, steatohepatitis	Tac, MMF	14 months	Fever/chills, nasal congestion, cough	Not reported	Not admitted, enrolled in COVID home monitoring program	Health improved to baseline
Liver SOT	Maggi et al [52]	Italy	2		Pt 1: 61 years/male Pt 2: 69 years/M	Pt 1: Not reported Pt 2: HIV	Basiliximab, prednisolone, and Tac	Pts developed SARS-CoV-2 infection during hospitalization for transplant	Pt 1: Fever POD 9 Pt 2: Not reported	Not reported	Pt 1: Presented with fever POD 9 but with normal chest x-ray findings Pts 2: Tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on POD 22	Pt 1: Alive Pt 2: Died on POD 30
	Bhoori et al [53]	Italy	3		>65 years/male	HTN, hyperlipidemia, DM (100%)	CSA (67%) Tac (33%)	>10 years	Respiratory symptoms similar to CAP	Not reported	100% required supplementary oxygen at admission but rapidly developed severe respiratory distress syndrome that required mechanical ventilation	100% died between 3 and 12 days after the onset of pneumonia Authors report 3 recently (within last 2 years) transplanted patients with positive test result for SARS-CoV-2 (on full imuunosuppression); all experienced uneventful course of disease (no further details about this cohort provided)
	D’Antiga et al [54]	Italy	3		Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	None developed clinical pulmonary disease	Not reported
	Qin et al [55]	China	1		37 years/male	Not reported	Tac, glucocorticoid	Pt developed SARS-CoV-2 infection during hospitalization for transplant	Fever following chemoembolization on day 3 of hospitalization; persistent fever noted 2 days after transplant (transplant occurred on day 7 of hospitalization)	Osteltamivir, rh-GCSF, IVIG started after confirmation of infection Tac and glucocorticoids titrated to lower dose and then increased on day 40 of hospitalization given concerns for acute cellular rejection	Presented with fever following hepatic arterial chemoembolization; continued to have persistent fever 2 days following embolization; RT-PCR confirmed infection; fever subsided on day 33 of hospitalization	Alive, discharged to home
	Lagana et al [56]	United States	1		6 months/female	Not reported	Not reported	Pt developed SARS-CoV-2 infection during hospitalization for transplant	Respiratory distress, fever, diarrhea Notably, donor tested positive on POD 2 (symptoms not reported)	HCQ	Fever with increased work of breathing on POD 4; admitted to ICU	Pt remained in hospital with mild respiratory symptoms
	Huang et al [57]	China	1		59 years/male	Hepatitis B	Tac, MMF	3 years	Fever, cough, chills, fatigue, diarrhea, jaundice, ascites, splenomegaly	Nebulized α-interferon, umifenovir, lopinavir/ritonavir, methylprednisolone, albumin, blood, plasma, IVIG; multiple antimicrobials, including caspofungin, voriconazole, piperacillin tazobactam, cefoperazone -sulbactam, meropenem Tac and MMF dosages halved due to DDI with lopinavir/ritonavir	Respiratory failure on day 4 of hospitalization, placed on NC; hypoxemia worsened requiring intubation; on day 12, blood cx positive for Candida, pleural fluid positive for Pseudomonas; ECMO on day 15 due to worsened respiratory status; condition deteriorated to multiorgan failure	Pt died on day 45 of admission
	Bin et al [58]	China	1		50 years/male	Not reported	Tac	3 years	Fever	Umifenovir, lopinavir/ritonavir, methylprednisolone, IVIG, alpha interferon, antibiotics Tac held on admission to hospital; increased to full dose on discharge	Pt became progressively dyspneic requiring NC on day 5 of hospitalization; symptoms resolved on day 21; discharged after 4 weeks of hospitalization	Alive, at home
	Lee et al [59]	United States	38		Median 60 years	For hospitalized pts (n = 24): CKD (71%) 17 HTN (71%), 17 DM (50%), 12 cardiovascular disease (42%), 10 obesity (42%),10	For hospitalized pts (n = 24): Tac (96%) 23 CSA (4%) 1 MPA (54%) 13 Steroid (50%) 12	Not reported	Gastrointestinal symptoms (42%) 10	Immunosuppression was decreased in 79% of hospitalized patients 19 18 (75%) received HCQ + azithromycin 5 (21%) received glucocorticoid 8 (33%) received anticoagulant	63% hospitalized 18 (75%) required supplemental oxygen 8 (33%) required mechanical ventilation	7 (29%) died 3 (13%) remain hospitalized 14 (58%) discharged
	Patrono et al [60]	Italy	10		Pt 1: 69 years/male Pt 2: 59 years/male Pt 3: 56 years/male Pt 4: 58 years/male Pt 5: 64 years/female Pt 6: 64 years/male Pt 7: 64 years/male Pt 8: 62 years/male Pt 9: 75 years/male Pt 10: 85 years/female	Pt 1: None Pt 2: Obesity Pt 3 through Pt 10: Not reported	Pt 1: MMF, Tac, prednisone Pt 2: Tac, EVE Pt 3: Tac, EVE Pt 4: MMF, Tac, prednisone Pt 5: Tac, prednisone Pt 6: MMF, Tac Pt 7: MMF, Tac Pt 8: MMF, Tac Pt 9: MPA, Tac Pt 10: Tac	Pt 1: 5 days Pt 2: 8 months Pt 3: 3 years Pt 4: 2 months Pt 5: 4 years Pt 6: 8 years Pt 7: 9 years Pt 8: 11 years Pt 9: 11 years Pt 10: 22 years	Pt 1: Cough Pt 2: Fever, diarrhea, dyspnea Pt 3: Fever, odonyphagia, cough Pt 4: Asymptomatic Pt 5: Fever, anorexia, diarrhea Pt 6: Fever Pt 7: Fever Pt 8: Fever Pt 9: Fever, diarrhea, myalgia, cough Pt 10: Asymptomatic	6 patients were administered HCQ, 3 high-dose steroids, and 2 antivirals (lopinavir/ritonavir and darunavir/ritonavir) 6 patients were administered HCQ, 3 high-dose steroids and 2 antivirals (lopinavir/ritonavir and darunavir/ritonavir) 6 (60%) HCQ, 3 (30%) high dose steroids, 2 (20%) antivirals	Pt 1: Asymptomatic Pt 2: Required supplemental oxygen; gradual symptom improvement Pt 3: Mild symptoms followed by dyspnea requiring supplemental oxygen; clinical course improved Pt 4: Tested positive 2 months after discharge for transplant Pt 8: Contracted infection during hospitalization for head trauma Pt 10: Incidentally found to be positive Pt 5-7, 9: Not reported	Pt 1: Alive Pt 2: Alive Pt 3: Alive Pt 4: Alive Pt 5: Alive Pt 6: Alive Pt 7: Alive Pt 8: Died (unrelated to SARS-CoV-2) Pt 9: Died Pt 10: Alive
	Hammami et al [61]	United States	1		63 years/male	ESRD, DM, HTN, HF, PVD	Tac	10 years	Fever, dry cough, fatigue, headache	HCQ, ceftriaxone, azithromycin, cefepime, vancomycin, tocilizumab	Waxing and waning fever; day 10 of hospitalization developed pleuritic chest pain and severe periumbilical pain, with improvement after tocilizumab; remained afebrile thereafter	Alive
	Modi et al [62]	United States	1		32 years/male	HIV	Tac, MMF, prednisone	7 years	Fatigue, fever, headache, dry cough	MMF held, Tac reduce, prednisone continued HCQ	Admitted with mild symptoms which gradually improved over course of hospitalization	Discharge home
	Morand et al [63]	France	1		4 years/female	EBV	Tac	5 months	Rhinitis, fever, cough	Tac dose reduced Antipyretic	Improvement in clinical symptoms during hospitalization	Recovered

Abbreviations: Abx, antibiotics; AKI, acute kidney injury; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; Aza, azathioprine; CAD, coronary artery disease; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CAV, cardiac allograft vasculopathy; CNI, calcineurin inhibitor; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; CSA, cyclosporine; Cx, culture; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CVD, cardiovascular disease; Dx, diagnosis; d/c, discontinued; DDI, drug–drug interaction; DM, diabetes mellitus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; ED, emergency department; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; EVE, everolimus; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HF, heart failure; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HTN, hypertension; ICU; intensive care unit; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; IL-6-ra, interleukin 6 receptor antagonist; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; MPA; mycophenolate acid; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NC, nasal cannula; Pt(s), patient(s); POD, postoperative day; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; RCT, randomized controlled trial; rh-GCSF, recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; SD, symptom day; SMZ-TMP; sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; Tac, tacrolimus; TCDA, T-cell–depleting agents; Tx, treatment.