Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population and Comparison Between COVID-19 Survivors and Nonsurvivors
| n | Total (N = 235) | Survivors (n = 159) | Nonsurvivors (n = 76) | P value | BH | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, y | 235 | 86.3 ± 6.5 | 86.0 ± 6.5 | 86.9 ± 6.4 | .30 | |
| Length of stay, d | 235 | 12.8 ± 7.6 | 14.8 ± 7.6 | 8.7 ± 5.7 | <.001 | ∗ |
| Female sex | 235 | 133 (56.6) | 105 (66.0) | 28 (36.8) | <.001 | ∗ |
| Hospitalization in the past 6 mo | 235 | 103 (44.2) | 71 (45.2) | 32 (42.1) | .68 | |
| Exposure history with direct contact to known COVID-19 patients | 235 | 50 (21.6) | 39 (25.0) | 11 (14.7) | .26 | |
| Number of medications | 235 | 7.5 ± 4.1 | 7.1 ± 4.1 | 8.2 ± 3.8 | .04 | ∗ |
| Clinical history | 235 | |||||
| Positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 | 235 | 218 (92.8) | 146 (91.8) | 72 (94.7) | .59 | |
| Heart failure | 235 | 66 (28.1) | 38 (23.9) | 28 (36.8) | .044 | ∗ |
| COPD | 235 | 25 (10.6) | 17 (10.7) | 8 (10.5) | >.99 | |
| Smoking | 235 | .85 | ||||
| No smoking | 235 | 153 (65.7) | 103 (65.2) | 50 (66.7) | ||
| Past | 235 | 68 (29.2) | 47 (29.7) | 21 (28.0) | ||
| Present | 235 | 12 (5.2) | 8 (5.1) | 4 (5.3) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 235 | 62 (26.5) | 41 (25.8) | 21 (28.0) | .75 | |
| Chronic liver disease | 235 | 23 (9.8) | 13 (8.2) | 10 (13.2) | .25 | |
| Diabetes under treatment | 235 | 54 (23.0) | 31 (19.5) | 23 (30.3) | .07 | |
| Stroke | 235 | 46 (19.8) | 31 (19.6) | 15 (20.3) | >.99 | |
| Parkinson's disease | 235 | 8 (3.5) | 6 (3.8) | 2 (2.8) | >.99 | |
| Cognitive disorders | 235 | 119 (50.6) | 81 (50.9) | 38 (50.0) | >.99 | |
| Known swallowing disorders | 235 | 23 (9.8) | 14 (8.9) | 9 (11.8) | .49 | |
| Active neoplasia | 235 | 22 (9.4) | 13 (8.2) | 9 (11.8) | .47 | |
| Immunosuppression | 235 | 12 (5.1) | 8 (5.0) | 4 (5.3) | >.99 | |
| History of coronary syndrome | 235 | 34 (14.5) | 19 (11.9) | 15 (19.7) | .12 | |
| Peripheral artery disease | 235 | 27 (11.5) | 12 (7.5) | 15 (19.7) | .009 | ∗ |
| Atrial fibrillation | 235 | 58 (24.7) | 37 (23.3) | 21 (27.6) | .52 | |
| VTE/DVT | 235 | 23 (9.8) | 15 (9.4) | 8 (10.5) | .82 | |
| Hypertension | 235 | 168 (71.5) | 112 (70.4) | 56 (73.7) | .65 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 235 | 84 (35.7) | 56 (35.2) | 28 (36.8) | .88 | |
| Scales and scores | ||||||
| CIRS-G19 | 235 | 19.1 ± 6.2 | 18.1 ± 6.3 | 21.2 ± 5.3 | <.001 | ∗ |
| FIM20 | 183 | 72.0 ± 29.4 | 76.8 ± 27.9 | 56.8 ± 29.1 | <.001 | ∗ |
| CAM18 | 220 | 27 (12.3) | 12 (8.0) | 15 (21.4) | .007 | ∗ |
| Frailty | 235 | 5.8 ± 1.6 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 6.5 ± 1.4 | <.001 | ∗ |
| Frailty ≥ 5 | 235 | 185 (80.4) | 114 (73.5) | 71 (94.7) | <.001 | ∗ |
| PSI | 235 | 126.9 ± 55.8 | 122.7 ± 65.2 | 135.8 ± 25.7 | .029 | ∗ |
| Clinical status | 235 | |||||
| Time from first symptoms to admission, days | 235 | 4.4 ± 5.1 | 5.0 ± 5.6 | 3.3 ± 3.6 | .007 | ∗ |
| Asymptomatic | 235 | 18 (7.8) | 15 (9.6) | 3 (4.0) | .19 | |
| Cough | 235 | 144 (61.3) | 95 (59.7) | 49 (64.5) | .57 | |
| Sputum production | 235 | 47 (20.0) | 28 (17.6) | 19 (25.0) | .22 | |
| Myalgia | 235 | 26 (11.2) | 19 (12.2) | 7 (9.2) | .66 | |
| Tiredness | 235 | 104 (44.3) | 72 (45.3) | 32 (42.1) | .68 | |
| Headache | 235 | 19 (8.1) | 18 (11.3) | 1 (1.3) | .009 | ∗ |
| Anorexia | 235 | 48 (20.6) | 39 (24.7) | 9 (12.0) | .025 | ∗ |
| Rhinorrhea | 235 | 20 (8.5) | 15 (9.4) | 5 (6.6) | .62 | |
| Diarrhea | 235 | 28 (11.9) | 23 (14.5) | 5 (6.6) | .09 | |
| Nausea and vomiting | 235 | 23 (9.8) | 15 (9.5) | 8 (10.5) | .82 | |
| Asthenia | 235 | 117 (49.8) | 71 (44.7) | 46 (60.5) | .026 | |
| Dyspnea | 235 | 82 (34.9) | 48 (30.2) | 34 (44.7) | .040 | ∗ |
| Crackles | 235 | 157 (66.8) | 93 (58.5) | 64 (84.2) | <.001 | ∗ |
| Heart failure signs | 235 | 42 (18.0) | 21 (13.4) | 21 (27.6) | .011 | ∗ |
| Vital signs | 235 | |||||
| Body temperature, °C | 235 | 38.1 ± 0.8 | 38.1 ± 0.8 | 38.2 ± 0.9 | .23 | |
| Respiratory rate, breath/minute | 235 | 26.2 ± 8.9 | 25.0 ± 8.7 | 28.6 ± 8.9 | .005 | ∗ |
| O2 mode | 235 | <.001 | ∗ | |||
| No O2 support | 235 | 118 (50.2) | 94 (59.1) | 24 (31.6) | ||
| O2 nasal cannula | 235 | 99 (42.1) | 60 (37.7) | 39 (51.3) | ||
| O2 mask | 235 | 18 (7.7) | 5 (3.1) | 13 (17.1) | ||
| FiO2, % | 235 | 26.3 ± 9.5 | 24.2 ± 5.6 | 30.9 ± 13.5 | <.001 | ∗ |
| HR, bit/minute | 235 | 93.1 ± 17.1 | 90.9 ± 15.0 | 97.7 ± 20.4 | .011 | ∗ |
| BP mean_min, mmHg | 235 | 75.0 ± 14.4 | 75.1 ± 14.8 | 74.8 ± 13.7 | .87 | |
| BP mean_max, mmHg | 235 | 103.2 ± 19.8 | 102.6 ± 18.8 | 104.6 ± 21.8 | .48 | |
| Laboratory | ||||||
| Logn(Lymphocytes), log 109/L | 225 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.09 | .008 | |
| Lymphocytes <1.0 × 109/L | 95 | 95 (42.2) | 76 (49.4) | 19 (26.8) | .001 | ∗ |
| Lymphocytes ≥1.0 × 109/L | 130 | 130 (57.8) | 78 (50.6) | 52 (73.2) | ||
| Thrombocytes, 109/L | 234 | 215.1 ± 99.3 | 222.7 ± 98.2 | 199.0 ± 100.2 | .09 | |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 229 | 66.3 ± 69.9 | 52.4 ± 51.3 | 96.0 ± 92.3 | <.001 | ∗ |
| Urea, mmol/L | 229 | 10.1 ± 9.3 | 9.3 ± 9.4 | 11.8 ± 8.7 | .05 | |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 231 | 110.3 ± 81.4 | 99.4 ± 59.6 | 133.4 ± 111.7 | .016 | ∗ |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 231 | 55.6 ± 21.6 | 58.2 ± 20.4 | 50.2 ± 23.0 | .013 | ∗ |
| Imaging | ||||||
| Infiltrate | 225 | 131 (58.2) | 79 (51.6) | 52 (72.2) | .004 | ∗ |
| Unilateral | 225 | 55 (24.4) | 39 (25.5) | 16 (22.2) | .62 | |
| Bilateral | 225 | 76 (33.8) | 40 (26.1) | 36 (50.0) | .001 | ∗ |
| Peripheral | 225 | 107 (47.6) | 61 (39.9) | 46 (63.9) | .001 | ∗ |
| Central | 225 | 53 (23.6) | 31 (20.3) | 22 (30.6) | .10 |
BH, Benjamini-Hochberg; BP, blood pressure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PSI, Pneumonia Severity Index21; VTE/DVT, venous thromboembolism/deep vein thrombosis.
Data are expressed as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation. P values were calculated by Fisher exact test, t test or Mann-Whitney U test according to variable type. BH correction for multiple analysis was applied, ∗ meaning that P values remained statistically significant.