Table 1.
Patient Characteristics, Presentations, and Outcomes of Patients with and without Active Cancer Who Were Hospitalized with COVID-19
| Variable | Active Cancer (n = 100) | No Active Cancer (n = 2,914) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age | 72 (66–80) | 65 (53–77) | 0.09 |
| Female | 47 (47.0) | 1,230 (42.2) | 0.34 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White (non-Hispanic) | 42 (42.0) | 619 (21.2) | <0.001 |
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 14 (14.0) | 303 (10.4) | 0.25 |
| Asian (non-Hispanic) | 15 (15.0) | 600 (20.6) | 0.17 |
| Hispanic | 23 (23.0) | 1,055 (36.2) | 0.007 |
| Other (or missing data) | 6 (6.0) | 337 (11.6) | 0.09 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Obesitya (BMI > 30; n = 2,832) | 28 (28.3) | 891 (32.6) | 0.11 |
| Coronary artery disease | 25 (25.0) | 422 (14.8) | 0.004 |
| Congestive heart failure | 14 (14.0) | 180 (6.2) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 33 (33.0) | 935 (32.1) | 0.85 |
| Hypertension | 48 (48.0) | 1,232 (42.3) | 0.26 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 21 (21.0) | 450 (15.4) | 0.13 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 8 (8.0) | 270 (9.3) | 0.67 |
| Cirrhosis | 2 (2.0) | 26 (0.9) | 0.24 |
| HIV infection | 0 | 28 (1.0) | 1.00 |
| Solid organ transplant | 3 (3.0) | 47 (1.6) | 0.23 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 1 (1.0) | 7 (0.2) | 0.24 |
| Rheumatic disease | 2 (2.0) | 94 (3.2) | 0.77 |
| Home Medications | |||
| Inhaled or nasal steroid | 4 (4.0) | 137 (4.7) | 1.00 |
| Oral steroid | 5 (5.0) | 99 (3.4) | 0.39 |
| Calcineurin inhibitor | 1 (1.0) | 43 (1.5) | 1.00 |
| Mycophenolate | 1 (1.0) | 46 (1.6) | 1.00 |
| Social Characteristics | |||
| Active smoker | 2 (2.0) | 88 (3.0) | 0.77 |
| Former smoker | 29 (29.0) | 485 (16.5) | 0.001 |
| Recent international travel | 0 | 24 (0.8) | 1.00 |
| Known exposure to COVID-19-positive patient | 15 (15.0) | 411 (14.1) | 0.80 |
| Healthcare worker | 1 (1.0) | 74 (2.5) | 0.52 |
| Undomiciled | 3 (3.0) | 43 (1.5) | 0.20 |
| Nursing home/rehabilitation facility resident | 15 (15.0) | 383 (13.1) | 0.59 |
| Symptoms | |||
| Fever | 55 (55.0) | 1,916 (65.8) | 0.026 |
| Cough | 57 (57.0) | 1,982 (68.0) | 0.021 |
| Dyspnea | 55 (55.0) | 1,929 (66.2) | 0.020 |
| Headache | 2 (2.0) | 242 (8.3) | 0.023 |
| Myalgias | 11 (11.0) | 592 (20.3) | 0.022 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 13 (13.0) | 490 (16.8) | 0.31 |
| Diarrhea | 20 (20.0) | 699 (24.0) | 0.36 |
| Altered mental status | 16 (16.0) | 370 (12.7) | 0.33 |
| Days of symptoms before ED presentationa (n = 2,602) | 5 (2–9) | 7 (3–10) | 0.08 |
| ED Presentation | |||
| Relationship to apex of COVID-19 infections in New York City | <0.001 | ||
| Pre-apex (March 15–29) | 13 (13.0) | 727 (25.0) | |
| Apex (March 30–April 8) | 30 (30.0) | 1,162 (39.9) | |
| Post-apex (April 9–May 14) | 57 (57.0) | 1,025 (35.2) | |
| Hospital | <0.001 | ||
| NYP/Queens | 32 (32.0) | 1,796 (61.6) | |
| NYP/WCMC | 51 (51.0) | 718 (24.6) | |
| NYP/LMH | 16 (16.0) | 390 (13.4) | |
| Need for supplemental oxygen within 3 h of ED presentation | 64 (64.0) | 1,794 (61.6) | 0.62 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| Leukocytosisa: WBC > 11 × 109 cells/L (n = 2,963) | 18 (18.2) | 574 (20.0) | 0.65 |
| Lymphopeniaa: ALC < 1 × 109 cells/L (n = 2,550) | 50 (53.2) | 1,297 (52.7) | 0.93 |
| AST elevationa,b (n = 2,794) | 43 (44.8) | 1,676 (62.1) | 0.001 |
| ALT elevationa,c (n = 2,793) | 17 (17.4) | 635 (23.6) | 0.15 |
| Troponin I > 0.5 ng/mLa (n = 1,052) | 5 (8.9) | 48 (4.8) | 0.20 |
| Inflammatory markers | |||
| Procalcitonina, ng/mL (n = 2,773) | 0.24 (0.12–0.76) | 0.18 (0.08–0.47) | 0.012 |
| Ferritina, ng/mL (n = 1,786) | 656 (335–1,592) | 808 (395–1,511) | 0.57 |
| C-Reactive proteina, mg/dL (n = 1,783) | 11.3 (5.4–19.2) | 10.5 (5.4–17.5) | 0.40 |
| Initial chest radiograph findings | |||
| Clear | 16 (16.0) | 261 (9.0) | 0.017 |
| Unilateral infiltrates | 14 (14.0) | 303 (10.4) | 0.25 |
| Bilateral infiltrates | 62 (62.0) | 2,125 (72.9) | 0.016 |
| SARS-CoV-2 PCR assay | 0.28 | ||
| cobas SARS-CoV-2 | 54 (54.0) | 1,731 (59.4) | |
| Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 | 46 (46.0) | 1,183 (40.6) | |
| Outcomes | |||
| Intubation | 15 (15.0) | 544 (18.7) | 0.35 |
| Need for vasopressors | 15 (15.0) | 510 (17.5) | 0.52 |
| In-hospital mortality | 30 (30.0) | 725 (24.9) | 0.25 |
Values are expressed as number (percentage of total) or as median (interquartile range). Bold p values indicate those that meet statistical significance.
Abbreviations: ALC, absolute lymphocyte count; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; ED, emergency department; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; LMH, Lower Manhattan Hospital; NYP, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital; WBC, white blood cell count; WCMC, Weill Cornell Medical Center.
a
This variable was not assessed in all participants. The denominator is listed next to the variable.
b
AST elevation indicates a value > 34 units/L.
c
ALT elevation indicates a value > 55 units/L.