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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 15.
Published in final edited form as: WMJ. 2020 Jun;119(2):102–109.

Table 3.

Characteristics Associated with Prescribed Opioid Use in the Past 30 Days

Opioid Use - Yes5
Characteristic Level N all n % LCL UCL
OVERALL OVERALL 4487 321 6.4 5.5 7.3
Sex Male 1956 135 6.4 4.9 7.9
Female 2531 186 6.4 5.2 7.6
Age (years) 21–49 2214 133 5.4 4.3 6.6 *
50–74 2273 188 7.7 6.3 9.1
BMI (kg/m^2) <=29 2626 143 4.6 3.6 5.6 *
30+ 1802 169 9.0 7.1 11.0
Racial and Hispanic Status White (non-Hispanic) 3863 255 5.8 4.9 6.8 *
Black (Hispanic, non- Hispanic) 235 28 11.5 6.6 16.3
Hispanic (not Black) 138 12 9.8 3.1 16.4
Other (none of the above) 251 26 8.8 3.9 13.7
Marital Status Single / never married 721 52 6.1 4.2 7.9 *
Married / living with partner 3048 182 5.4 4.4 6.4
Widowed 156 18 10.0 3.7 16.3
Divorced / separated 557 69 12.5 8.7 16.2
Education Level High School or less 1182 115 8.7 6.6 10.8 *
Some College or Associate Degree 1708 143 7.4 5.7 9.0
Bachelor’s degree or more 1595 63 3.6 2.1 5.2
Smoking Status Current 774 101 11.9 8.9 14.9 *
Former 1216 100 7.3 5.5 9.0
Never 2424 112 4.1 3.1 5.1
Employment Status Employed 2955 146 4.8 3.8 5.7 *
Not Employed & looking for work 270 20 6.5 2.8 10.1
Not Employed & not looking for work 1248 152 11.3 9.0 13.7
200% Poverty Level Below 1212 141 10.2 8.1 12.3 *
Above 3102 167 4.9 3.9 5.8
Any Health Insurance in the Past 12 Months No 302 25 6.9 3.7 10.1
Yes 4175 296 6.4 5.4 7.4
Rural/Urban Classification Urban 2298 183 7.5 6.1 9.0 *
Suburban 735 49 6.1 3.7 8.6
Rural 1454 89 4.5 3.1 6.0
Region of WI (DHS health regions) Southeast 1349 123 8.5 6.5 10.5 *
South 843 39 4.1 2.5 5.7
West 873 71 8.1 5.3 10.8
North 551 35 6.0 3.7 8.2
Northeast 871 53 4.3 2.7 5.9
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis1,2 No 3321 213 6.2 5.2 7.2 *
Yes 451 63 10.9 7.6 14.2
Number of Alcoholic Drinks per Week 0 1525 162 10.4 8.4 12.5 *
1–7 1724 85 4.3 3.2 5.5
8–14 477 26 4.0 2.3 5.6
15+ 370 20 5.9 2.1 9.7
Doctor-Diagnosed Alcohol Abuse1 No 3797 260 6.4 5.4 7.4 *
Yes 155 28 14.8 7.5 22.0
Doctor-Diagnosed Drug Abuse1 No 3880 271 6.4 5.4 7.4 *
Yes 72 17 22.1 9.5 34.7
SF12: General Health Fair/Poor No 3879 181 4.3 3.5 5.1 *
Yes 531 131 23.1 18.8 27.3
Any Chronic Condition3 No 2506 102 4.3 3.3 5.4 *
Yes 1897 214 9.5 8.0 11.1
Depression4 No 3465 213 6.0 5.0 7.1 *
Yes 304 58 14.5 9.9 19.0

Abbreviations: LCL = 95% lower confidence limit, UCL=95% upper confidence limit

1

This question was first asked starting in 2010.

2

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) diagnosis is based on scoring 14 or higher on the 6-item PCL-C Civilian version.

3

Any chronic condition includes: heart attack or angina, stroke or TIA, diabetes, asthma, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, or cancer.

4

Depression is determined from the first two items from the PHQ-9 depression screener which asks about the frequency of depressed mode and anhedonia over the past two weeks.

5

Individuals with more than 1 opioid prescription in the last 30 days were counted only once

*

Chi-square p-value < 0.05 for comparison of opioid use within participant characteristic