Table 4.

Multivariate Model of Prescribed Opioid Use

Characteristic	Level	Odds Ratio	LCL	UCL	P-value
Gender (ref=men)	Women	1.12	0.75	1.69	0.58
Age (ref=21 –49 years)	50–74 years	1.72	1.26	2.34	0.0007
Education1		0.80	0.63	1.03	0.08
Race (ref=white)	Black	0.82	0.42	1.60	0.56
	Hispanic (not black)	0.94	0.38	2.35	0.89
	Other (not black or Hispanic)	0.89	0.47	1.67	0.71
Drug Abuse (ref=no)	Yes	1.57	0.75	3.28	0.23
Alcohol Abuse (ref=no)	Yes	3.14	1.30	7.59	0.011
Poverty Level (ref=above 200%)	Below 200%	2.29	1.59	3.31	<0.0001
Health Region (ref=Southeast)	South	0.61	0.36	1.03	0.064
	West	0.82	0.49	1.36	0.43
	North	1.19	0.69	2.03	0.52
	Northeast	0.44	0.27	0.72	0.001
Rural/Urban Classification (ref=urban)	Suburban	0.95	0.61	1.47	0.81
	Rural	0.60	0.38	0.95	0.029

¹Education was coded as a 3-level ordinal variable (high school to some college to college graduate).

Abbreviations: ref=reference group, LCL=95% lower confidence limit, UCL=95% upper confidence limit