Table 4.
Estimates of Multivariate Probit model (MVP).
|
Amazon home delivery |
Amazon pick-up |
Walmart in-store shopping |
Walmart home delivery |
Walmart pick-up |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coeff. | S.E. | Coeff. | S.E. | Coeff. | S.E. | Coeff. | S.E. | Coeff. | S.E. | |
| F1: Experience, service, & delivery (ESD) | 0.21*** | 0.07 | 0.20*** | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.26*** | 0.06 | 0.37*** | 0.07 |
| F2: Assortment, price, & convenience (APC) | 0.39*** | 0.07 | −0.11 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.23*** | 0.06 | 0.16** | 0.06 |
| F3: Freshness & quality validation (FQV) | 0.16** | 0.07 | 0.46*** | 0.09 | 0.32*** | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.14** | 0.06 |
| Gender (Female = 0, Male = 1) | 0.21*** | 0.07 | 0.23*** | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.13** | 0.06 | 0.13* | 0.06 |
| Age | −0.29*** | 0.08 | −0.43*** | 0.09 | −0.05 | 0.08 | −0.31*** | 0.07 | −0.26*** | 0.07 |
| Married | 0.12 | 0.09 | −0.05 | 0.11 | 0.17* | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.08 | <0.01 | 0.08 |
| Having children under 5 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.10 | −0.04 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
| Having children 5 to 17 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.11* | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
| Having children 18 and older | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.14* | 0.08 | −0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
| Education: Some college | 0.04 | 0.09 | <0.01 | 0.10 | −0.09 | 0.11 | −0.09 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
| Education: College degree | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.10 | −0.20* | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
| Education: Master’s degree or higher | 0.25** | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.09 | −0.02 | 0.11 | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
| Income: $25 k to 50 k | −0.05 | 0.09 | −0.06 | 0.12 | −0.04 | 0.12 | −0.10 | 0.09 | −0.04 | 0.09 |
| Income: $50 k to $100 k | 0.20** | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.12 | −0.16 | 0.13 | −0.01 | 0.10 | −0.07 | 0.10 |
| Income: $100 k to $150 k | 0.20** | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.08 | <0.01 | 0.09 |
| Income: $150 k or more | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.23*** | 0.09 | −0.09 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.14* | 0.08 |
| One person in household working | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.10 | −0.03 | 0.09 | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.05 | 0.08 |
| Two persons in household working | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
| Intercept | 0.87*** | 0.07 | −1.11*** | 0.09 | 1.28*** | 0.08 | −0.35*** | 0.06 | −0.44*** | 0.06 |
Notes: All tests are two-tailed.
Coefficients are standardized.
Income category “Less than $25 k” is the base category for income, and education level “High school or less” is the base category for education.
*
: p < 0.1.
**
: p < 0.05.
***
: p < 0.01.