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. 2020 Sep 15;10:15134. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71789-y

Table 1.

Difference on distribution of sociodemographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors in study subjects by gender and psychological status.

Variables Male Female
Total No symptom Psychological stress P-valuea Psychological distress P-valueb Total No symptom Psychological stress P-valuea Psychological distress P-valueb
n = 14,879 % n = 10,089 % n = 2,379 % n = 2,411 % n = 20,226 % n = 11,628 % n = 2,880 % n = 5,718 %
Age (years) < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001
19–29 1,840 12.9 1,264 12.5 346 14.5 230 9.5 2,526 11.4 1,312 11.3 548 19.0 666 11.6
30–39 2,800 19.6 1,709 16.9 730 30.7 361 15.0 3,984 18.8 2,409 20.7 731 25.4 844 14.8
40–49 2,852 19.7 1,849 18.3 608 25.6 395 16.4 3,708 18.3 2,305 19.8 526 18.3 877 15.3
 ≥ 50 7,387 47.8 5,267 52.2 695 29.2 1,425 59.1 10,008 51.5 5,602 48.2 1,075 37.3 3,331 58.3
Region < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.1303 < 0.0001
Metropolitan city 6,585 45.0 4,478 44.4 1,133 47.6 974 40.4 9,091 44.8 5,320 45.8 1,316 45.7 2,455 42.9
Urban 5,017 33.8 3,346 33.2 870 36.6 801 33.2 6,839 33.6 3,924 33.7 1,016 35.3 1,899 33.2
Rural 3,277 21.2 2,265 22.5 376 15.8 636 26.4 4,296 21.6 2,384 20.5 548 19.0 1,364 23.9
Education level < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001
Middle school or less 4,619 28.5 3,128 31.1 416 17.5 1,075 44.8 8,836 45.6 4,728 40.7 938 32.6 3,170 55.6
High school 5,376 37.0 3,730 37.1 873 36.8 773 32.2 6,466 31.7 3,943 34.0 975 33.9 1,548 27.1
College or more 4,843 34.5 3,208 31.9 1,085 45.7 550 22.9 4,885 22.7 2,939 25.3 961 33.4 985 17.3
Household income (Quartile) < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.1544 < 0.0001
Lowest 2,721 16.6 1,782 18.0 252 10.8 687 29.1 4,330 22.4 2,078 18.2 512 18.1 1,740 31.1
Second 3,716 25.0 2,523 25.4 548 23.4 645 27.3 5,035 25.2 2,833 24.8 748 26.5 1,454 26.0
Third 4,063 28.8 2,805 28.2 731 31.2 527 22.3 5,228 26.4 3,191 27.9 738 26.1 1,299 23.2
Highest 4,129 29.6 2,816 28.4 813 34.7 500 21.2 5,260 26.0 3,332 29.1 828 29.3 1,100 19.7
Marital status < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < .0001 < 0.0001
Single 2,411 15.9 1,600 15.9 423 17.9 388 16.1 2,369 10.8 1,235 10.6 498 17.3 636 11.2
Married 11,640 79.4 7,984 79.4 1,878 79.3 1,778 74.0 13,820 68.3 8,324 71.8 2,012 70.0 3,484 61.1
Bereaved/divorced/separated 774 4.7 468 4.7 68 2.9 238 9.9 3,985 20.9 2,038 17.6 366 12.7 1,581 27.7
Living alone without family members 0.0031 < 0.0001 0.0014 < 0.0001
Yes 633 3.6 390 3.9 62 2.6 181 7.5 1795 9.4 897 7.7 172 6.0 726 12.7
No 14,241 96.4 9,697 96.1 2,316 97.4 2,228 92.5 18,431 90.6 10,731 92.3 2,708 94.0 4,992 87.3
Employment status < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.105 < 0.0001
Employed 12,834 88.8 8,829 87.9 2,189 92.4 1,816 76.0 12,723 62.7 7,588 65.7 1,925 67.3 3,210 56.7
Unemployed 1967 11.2 1,214 12.1 181 7.6 572 24.0 7,361 37.3 3,969 34.3 937 32.7 2,455 43.3
PBI < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001
Slim 3,265 20.9 2,100 20.8 503 21.2 662 27.5 2,984 14.7 1,504 12.9 428 14.9 < .0001 1,052 18.4
Normal 6,160 41.9 4,413 43.7 810 34.1 937 38.9 8,148 40.8 4,956 42.6 1,077 37.4 2,115 37.0
Fat 5,450 37.2 3,574 35.4 1,065 44.8 811 33.7 9,093 44.5 5,167 44.4 1,375 47.7 2,551 44.6
BMI 0.0001 0.0002 < .0001 < 0.0001
Low weight 487 3.0 317 3.2 59 2.5 111 4.6 1,109 5.3 581 5.1 211 7.4 317 5.6
Normal 9,136 61.5 6,238 62.2 1,381 58.4 1,517 63.4 12,955 64.9 7,548 66.0 1,862 65.4 3,545 62.7
Obesity 5,166 35.5 3,476 34.6 926 39.1 764 31.9 5,878 29.8 3,307 28.9 776 27.2 1,795 31.7
Sleep duration 0.0001 < 0.0001 < .0001
Short 2,019 12.3 1,214 12.0 325 13.7 480 19.9 3,601 17.6 1,679 14.4 551 19.1 1,371 24.0 < 0.0001
Optimal 11,747 80.7 8,131 80.6 1,931 81.2 1,685 69.9 14,895 73.7 8,982 77.2 2,117 73.5 3,796 66.4
Long 1,113 7.0 744 7.4 123 5.2 246 10.2 1,730 8.8 967 8.3 212 7.4 551 9.6
Smoking status < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001
Never 3,217 22.2 2,295 22.8 476 20.0 446 18.5 18,303 90.7 10,807 93.0 2,571 89.3 4,925 86.2
Former 5,393 36.6 3,872 38.4 689 29.0 832 34.5 799 3.9 373 3.2 130 4.5 296 5.2
Current 6,262 41.2 3,918 38.8 1,212 51.0 1,132 47.0 1,114 5.4 444 3.8 177 6.2 493 8.6
Alcohol consumption < 0.0001 0.0126 < 0.0001 < 0.0001
0 g 2,523 16.4 1,796 17.8 243 10.2 484 20.1 7,760 39.5 4,450 38.3 917 31.8 2,393 41.9
0–24 g 2,277 15.3 1,616 16.0 288 12.1 373 15.5 6,868 33.9 4,168 35.8 998 34.7 1,702 29.8
24–72 g 4,915 33.5 3,389 33.6 782 32.9 744 30.9 4,354 20.9 2,459 21.2 724 25.1 1,171 20.5
> 72 g 5,155 34.9 3,283 32.6 1,064 44.8 808 33.5 1,237 5.7 546 4.7 241 8.4 450 7.9
Physical activity 0.2722 0.0022 0.0015
Inactive 11,208 74.9 7,533 74.7 1,802 75.8 1,873 77.7 16,217 80.3 9,412 81.0 2,295 79.7 0.1350 4,510 78.9
Active 3,660 25.1 2,548 25.3 575 24.2 537 22.3 3,999 19.7 2,212 19.0 583 20.3 1,204 21.1
Calorie intake 0.3373 0.0152 0.0024 < 0.0001
Low 2,065 16.3 1,381 16.2 309 16.9 375 18.8 4,918 26.4 2,618 24.3 710 27.3 1,590 30.6
Normal 1,896 15.5 1,342 15.7 264 14.4 290 14.5 3,338 18.2 2,002 18.6 435 16.8 901 17.3
Excess 8,385 68.1 5,798 68.0 1,254 68.6 1,333 66.7 10,301 55.4 6,142 57.1 1,452 55.9 2,707 52.1
Menstruation < 0.0001 < 0.0001
Yes – – – – – – – – – – 9,256 46.0 5,485 49.1 1,631 59.8 2,140 39.5
No – – – – – – – – 10,048 54.0 5,675 50.9 1,098 40.2 3,275 60.5
Chronic illness < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.0003 < 0.0001
Yes 6,509 42.1 4,402 43.6 845 35.5 1,262 52.3 9,627 48.7 5,212 44.8 1,184 41.1 3,231 56.5
No 8,370 57.9 5,687 56.4 1,534 64.5 1,149 47.7 10,599 51.3 6,416 55.2 1,696 58.9 2,487 43.5

aChi-square test for no symptom vs. psychological stress alone.

bChi-square test for no symptom vs. psychological distress.