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. 2020 Sep 15;10:14750. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72010-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Structural equation models (SEM: path analysis) to disentangle the linear cause-effect relationships between different environmental and demographic variables and either the adjusted defaunation (left arrows) and assemblage downsizing (right arrows) across 1,029 Neotropical sites. Green and red vectors represent positive and negative effects, respectively. Thicker vectors represent stronger effects. HPI, hunting pressure index; HFI, human footprint index; HA, habitat area; HT, habitat type; PA, protected area; DI_adj., adjusted defaunation index; and DS, assemblage downsizing. Fernanda D. Abra (ViaFAUNA) kindly provided mammal species drawing used in the figure.