. 2020 Sep 15;10:14750. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72010-w

Table 1.

Variables and their justifications used to derive the hunting pressure index (HPI) at 1,029 sites throughout the Neotropical realm. Source references, scales and equations used are also included.

Variables	Var. type	Justification	Refs	Scale	Prior equations
Hunting inhibition
Elevation	c	High-elevation decreases species richness and abundance, and renders hunting sites less accessible to hunters	^1,2	Site	$e_{i} = e_{i} / m a x (e_{i, j})$
Artificial lights	c	Nocturnal lights inhibit hunting, and represents a strong proxy of purchase power in acquiring alternative animal protein	³	4.5-km	$l_{i} = l_{i} / m a x (l_{i, j})$
Protected area^a	b	Law enforcement and jurisdiction of wildlife protection	^4,5	Site	$P A_{i} = 1 (y e s) o r 0 (n o)$
NPP/Plantbiomass ratio	c	Presumably areas with high NPP and low native vegetation cover have higher availability of domestic livestock protein	–	4.5-km	$N B_{i} = N P P_{i} / (v h_{i} . n c_{i}) /max (N P P_{i, j} / (v h_{i, j} . n c_{i}, j))$ )
(Eq. 1) Inhibition value³					$A V_{i} = \bar{x} (e_{i}, l_{i}, P A_{i}, N B_{i})$
Hunting intensification
NPP	c	NPP leads to increases in prey abundance	⁷	4.5-km	$N P P_{i} = N P P_{i} / m a x (N P P_{i, j})$
Assemblage-wide body mass distribution	c	Hunters operate under the tenets of optimal foraging theory	⁹	–	$B S_{i}^{95 t h} = B S_{i}^{95 t h} /max(B S_{i, j}^{95 t h})$
HFI	c	Hunter access via roads and other infrastructure	¹⁰	4.5-km	$H F I_{i} = H F I_{i} / m a x (H F I_{i, j})$
Absolute latitude	c	Species richness decreases away from the equator	¹¹	Site	$a b s (L_{i}) = 1 - a b s (L_{i}) /max (a b s (L_{i, j}))$
Purchase power (dis)parity (PPP)	c	Motivation to hunt is higher if alternative animal protein is unaffordable	–	4.5-km	$P P P_{i} = 1 - P P P_{i} / m a x (N P P_{i, j})$
Water bodies	c	Hunter access by water	¹²	4.5-km	$w b_{i} = w b_{i} / m a x (w b_{i, j})$
(Eq. 2) Intensification value³					$P V_{i} = \bar{x} (N P P_{i}, B S_{i}^{95 t h}, H F I_{i}, a b s (L_{i}), P P P_{i}, w b_{i})$
(Eq. 3) Hunting pressure index (HPI)					$H P I_{i} = P V_{i} - A V_{i}$

Codes and acronyms: 1: Lomolino¹¹¹; 2: Bogoni et al.⁵⁰; 3: Gaynor et al.¹¹²; 4: Joppa et al.⁷²; 5: Gray et al.⁷³; 7: Waide et al.¹¹³; 8: Oliveira and Begossi¹¹⁴; 10: Benítez-López et al.⁷⁸; 11: Cardillo¹¹⁵; 12: Antunes et al.⁷; c, continuous; b, binary; NPP, net primary productivity; HFI, human footprint index.

^aThe presence of protected area contributes 25% to of the mean hunting inhibition.