Figure 2.

GZ17-6.02 and doxorubicin interact after a 3 h exposure to activate an ATM-AMPK-ULK1- autophagy pathway concomitant with inactivation of mTOR and increased Beclin1 expression. HT1080 human sarcoma cells were treated with vehicle control, GZ17-6.02 (2 μM final curcumin), doxorubicin (200 nM) or the drugs in combination for 3 and 6 h. Cells were fixed in place and immunostained to detect the total expression and the total phosphorylation of the indicated proteins. The phosphorylation of each phosphoprotein was corrected for total protein expression; non-phosphoproteins had their expression corrected using invariant ERK2 expression. (n = 3 +/–SD) *p < 0.05 less than vehicle control; ^#p < 0.05 greater than vehicle control.