Table 3.
Determinants of self-esteem—additionally stratified by age (40–64 years; 65 years and over).
| 40–64 | 65+ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (2) | (3) | |
| Self-esteem—total | Self-esteem— | Self-esteem— | Self-esteem— | Self-esteem— | Self-esteem— | |
| sample | men | women | total sample | men | women | |
| Potential confoundersa | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Pet ownership: - owning a cat (ref.: not owning a pet) | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.06+ | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.07* |
| (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
| - Owning a dog | 0.01 | 0.05+ | −0.04 | 0.07* | 0.07+ | 0.06 |
| (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |
| Constant | 3.35*** | 3.18*** | 3.45*** | 3.46*** | 3.29*** | 3.48*** |
| (0.12) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.13) | (0.18) | (0.21) | |
| Individuals | 2,521 | 1,122 | 1,399 | 2,964 | 1,583 | 1,381 |
| R2 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.10 |
Comments: beta-coefficients are reported; robust standard errors in parentheses.
***
p < 0.001,
*
p < 0.05, +p < 0.10. Observations with missing values were dropped (listwise deletion).
a
Potential confounders include age, marital status, distance to the nearest residential living child, income poverty, body mass index, smoking behavior, alcohol intake, frequency of sports activities, self-rated health, physical functioning, and the number of physical illnesses.