Figure 1.
(A) The different kinds of nanocarriers for cancer biomarkers and their characteristics (Reproduced from [17] with permission). (B) Negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of EVs (Reproduced from [12] with permission). (C) Comparison of different EV and microRNA isolation methods. They include ultra-centrifugation (UC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC, qEV), precipitation (miRCURY, Exospin) and affinity column (exRNA easy) techniques. The yield (concentration) varies by a factor of 10, suggesting the lower-yield techniques capture less than 10% of the EVs and microRNAs (Reproduced from the open access resource [14], https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/20013078.2018.1481321?needAccess=true).