Table 1.

Summary of experiments addressing mechanisms of cocaine Pavlovian memory acquisition, consolidation, and expression

Paradigm	Brain region	Manipulation	Results	Species, age, sex	Citations
CPP	DHC	Inhibition with muscimol	Impaired acquisition, expression, and late-stage consolidation, but not early consolidation	Rat, adult, M; mouse, adult, M; rat, adult, M	Meyers et al. [41]; Hitchcock and Lattal [45]; Kramar et al. [46]
CPP	DHC	HDAC inhibitor	Enhanced acquisition and/or consolidation	Mouse, adult, M	Itzhak et al. [47]
CPP	DHC and PL	DNA methyltransferase inhibitor	Inhibition in the DHC restrained acquisition, inhibition in the PL blocked expression	Mouse, adult, M	Han et al. [48]
CPP	DHC	D1/D5 dopamine receptor antagonist	Impaired acquisition and expression, but not consolidation	Rat, adult, M	Kramar et al. [46]
CPP	DHC	D1 dopamine receptor agonist or antagonist	Agonist impaired and antagonist enhanced consolidation	Rat, adult, M	Kramar et al. [73]
CPP	DHC	β-adrenergic receptor antagonist	Impaired expression	Rat, adult, M	Otis and Mueller [76]
CPP	BLA	Protein synthesis, PKA, PKC, and MEK inhibitors	Inhibition of protein synthesis and PKC, but not PKA or MEK, blocked expression	Mouse, adult, M	Lai et al. [49]
CPP	Amygdala	Cdk5 inhibitor	Cdk5 inhibition in the BLA, but not CeA, inhibited consolidation and expression	Rat, adult, M	Li et al. [50]
Classical conditioning after self-administration	BLA	NMDA receptor antagonist	Inhibited acquisition and consolidation	Rat, adult, M	Feltenstein and See [51]
Self-admin	MGN-LA	n/a	Potentiation of projections from the MGN to the LA as associations form	Rat, adult, M	Rich et al. [52]
CPP	mPFC	Chemogenetic inhibition	Inhibition of glutamatergic, but not GABAergic, mPFC neurons suppressed acquisition and expression	Mouse, adult, M	Zhang et al. [55]
CPP	PL	Removal of perineuronal nets from interneurons	Impaired acquisition	Rat, adult, M	Slaker et al. [56]
CPP	mPFC	CB1 receptor antagonist	Consolidation of memory induced by high cocaine dose impaired, by low cocaine dose facilitated	Mouse, adult, M	Hu et al. [57]
CPP	NAc core	Rac inhibitor	Inhibited consolidation	Rat, adult, M	Ding et al. [58]
Self-admin	NAc	mTOR inhibitor	mTOR inhibition in the core, but not shell, impaired consolidation	Rat, adult, M	Wang et al. [59]
CPP	NAc	knockout of the histone acetyltransferase CBP	Prevented acquisition	Mouse, adult, M + F	Malvaez et al. [63]
CPP	NAc	Dephosphorylation of HDAC5 at S279	Impaired acquisition	Mouse, adult, M	Taniguchi et al. [62]
CPP	NAc	HDAC3 knockout	Enhanced acquisition	Mouse; adult, M + F	Rogge et al. [61]
CPP	NAc	Baf53B knockout (inhibits nucleosome remodeling)	Reduced acquisition and LTP	Mouse, adult, M + F	White et al. [64]
CPP	NAc	Chemogenetic inhibition	Inhibition of GABAergic neurons inhibited expression	Mouse, adult, M	Zhang et al. [65]
CPP	VTA	NMDA receptor antagonist	Impaired acquisition and expression	Rat, adult, M	Zhou et al. [72]
CPP	Systemic	Stress-induced noradrenergic activity leading to increased dopamine release in the mPFC	Attenuated acquisition and expression	Rat, adult, M	Shinohara et al. [74]
CPP	Systemic	β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist	Impaired expression	Rat, adult, M	Fitzgerald et al. [75]
CPP	Systemic	M1 receptor antagonist	Impaired consolidation	Mouse, adult, M	Zacarias et al. [77]