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. 2020 Sep 15;10:15120. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72081-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Annular injury resulted in limited functional degenerative changes in IVDs, but some sex differences were observed. (a) Representative curve for axial and torsional data. Red text denotes axial components, and blue text denotes torsional components. (b) Representative curve for compressive creep data. (c–f) Axial biomechanical measures showed no injury effect or sex differences at 6 weeks after injury. (g–l) Creep parameters did not exhibit large changes with injury. Slow response stiffness (l) had an injury effect, but it did not persist after post-hoc testing. Males exhibited a greater creep slow time constant (panel i) after injury than females. (m–o) Torsional biomechanical measures showed no injury effect, but sex differences were seen in both torsional stiffness (m) and torque range (n), with males having greater values. (n = 11–12, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01).