Table 2. Multivariate linear regression analyses of factors associated with EQ-5D-3L index scores in the KNHANES 2010–2016.
| For EQ-5D-3L index score | Model 1* | Model 2† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (95% CI) | P value | Coefficient (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Age (yr) | −0.004 (−0.004 to −0.003) | < 0.001 | −0.002 (−0.003 to −0.002) | < 0.001 | |
| Woman (vs. man) | −0.055 (−0.066 to −0.043) | < 0.001 | −0.031 (−0.043 to −0.021) | < 0.001 | |
| Smoking history | |||||
| Never smoker | Reference | Reference | |||
| Ex-smoker | −0.016 (−0.027 to −0.004) | 0.010 | −0.012 (−0.023 to −0.000) | 0.041 | |
| Current smoker | −0.037 (−0.050 to −0.025) | < 0.001 | −0.034 (−0.045 to −0.022) | < 0.001 | |
| BMI category (kg/m2) | |||||
| < 18.5 | −0.032 (−0.061 to −0.003) | 0.031 | −0.035 (−0.064 to −0.007) | 0.015 | |
| 18.5–24.9 | Reference | Reference | |||
| 25.0–29.9 | −0.014 (−0.020 to −0.007) | < 0.001 | −0.003 (−0.009 to 0.003) | 0.332 | |
| ≥ 30 | −0.062 (−0.082 to −0.042) | < 0.001 | −0.040 (−0.058 to −0.022) | < 0.001 | |
| Educational level | |||||
| Elementary school | Reference | Reference | |||
| Middle school | 0.074 (0.062 to 0.086) | < 0.001 | 0.063 (0.052 to 0.075) | < 0.001 | |
| High school | 0.093 (0.081 to 0.105) | < 0.001 | 0.076 (0.065 to 0.086) | < 0.001 | |
| University | 0.098 (0.086 to 0.110) | < 0.001 | 0.078 (0.067 to 0.089) | < 0.001 | |
| Low household income (vs. high household income) | −0.035 (−0.042 to −0.029) | < 0.001 | −0.031 (−0.037 to −0.025) | < 0.001 | |
| Blue collar occupation (vs. white collar occupation) | 0.031 (0.023 to 0.038) | < 0.001 | 0.027 (0.020 to 0.034) | < 0.001 | |
| Arthritis (vs. no arthritis) | - | - | −0.130 (−0.145 to −0.116) | < 0.001 | |
| Depression (vs. no depression) | - | - | −0.182 (−0.222 to −0.142) | < 0.001 | |
| Asthma (vs. no asthma) | - | - | −0.076 (−0.120 to −0.032) | 0.001 | |
| COPD‡ (vs. no COPD) | - | - | −0.030 (−0.116 to 0.056) | 0.497 | |
| Diabetes mellitus (vs. no diabetes mellitus) | - | - | −0.025 (−0.041 to −0.010) | 0.001 | |
| Hypertension (vs. no hypertension) | - | - | −0.013 (−0.022 to −0.003) | 0.011 | |
| Dyslipidemia (vs. no dyslipidemia) | - | - | −0.011 (−0.025 to 0.002) | 0.089 | |
| Angina/MI (vs. no angina/MI) | - | - | −0.056 (−0.086 to −0.027) | < 0.001 | |
| Stroke (vs. no stroke) | - | - | −0.131 (−0.182 to −0.080) | < 0.001 | |
| Chronic cough (vs. no chronic cough) | −0.058 (−0.082 to −0.034) | < 0.001 | −0.037 (−0.059 to −0.015) | 0.001 | |
EQ-5D-3L, 3-level EuroQoL 5-dimension component; KNHANES, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MI, myocardial infarction.
*Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, BMI category, education level, household income, and occupation; †Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, BMI category, education level, household income, occupation, arthritis, depression, asthma, COPD, hypertension, dyslipidemia, angina/MI, and stroke; ‡COPD requiring current treatment.