Table 4. Treatable traits in the European U-BIOPRED adult asthma cohorts and defining criteria.

Category	Treatable trait	Defining criteria
Pulmonary	Fixed airway obstruction	Post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.7
	Airway reversibility	Post-bronchodilator increases in FEV1 and/or FVC ≥ 12% and ≥ 200 mL
	Type 2 inflammation	Sputum eosinophil proportion ≥ 2% and/or blood eosinophils ≥ 450 cells per mL and/or FeNO > 50 ppb
	Neutrophilic inflammation	Sputum neutrophil proportion > 60%
	Cough	Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire Question 12 score ≤ 4 and/or Sino-Nasal Outcomes Test Question score 4 ≥ 3
	Exercise-induced respiratory symptoms	Routine physical activity and/or physical exercise as an asthma trigger
	Sputum	Mucus production > 30 mL/day
Extrapulmonary	Rhinosinusitis	Medical history of “allergic/non-allergic rhinitis active and/or sinusitis”
	Nasal polyps	Medical history of “nasal polyps”
	Obese	BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2*
	Underweight	BMI < 18.5 kg/m2*
	Obstructive sleep apnea	Epworth sleepiness scale score ≥ 11
	Gastroesophageal reflux	Medical history of “gastroesophageal reflux”
	Vocal cord dysfunction	Medical history of “vocal cord dysfunction”
	Osteoporosis	Medical history of “osteoporosis”
	Cardiovascular disease	Medical history of “cardiac disease”
	Eczema	Medical history of “eczema”
	Atopy	Positive skin prick test and/or increased blood IgE
Risk/behavioral	Smoking	Medical history of “current smoker”
	Poor medication adherence	Medication Adherence Rating Scale mean score < 4.5
	Depression	Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale ≥ 16
	Anxiety	Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 ≥ 5

Modified from reference ³¹.

BMI, body mass index; FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; IgE, immunoglobulin E.

^*Based on the Korean criteria for obesity.