| Asia-Beijing, China |
Farm livestock and farming behavior |
7,077 |
13–14 |
Contact with farming and livestock has protective effects. |
Reduced |
30 |
| Oceania-New Zealand |
Traffic at place of residence, drugs, and farm foodstuffs |
24,190 |
6–7; 13–14 |
Truck traffic, antibiotics or paracetamol exposure during early life, were positively correlated with eczema. Consumption of milk, seafood, eggs, and have a dog in home, were negatively correlated with eczema. |
Reduced |
51 |
| Europe-Turku, Finland and neighboring regions |
Indoor pet exposure during the perinatal period |
256 |
0–2 |
Fecal Bifidobacterium longum counts in non-wheezing infants who were exposed to pets were significantly higher than those of wheezing infants who were not exposed to pets. |
Reduced |
52 |
| Central Europe-Silesia, Poland |
Unpasteurized dairy products and activities related to livestock |
1,676 |
>5 |
Agriculture-related contact significantly decreased in Silesia and the prevalence of allergies drastically increased within a short period of nine years. |
Reduced |
53 |
| Northern Europe |
Livestock |
11,123 |
Mean age: 53 |
Subjects who grew up in livestock farms had a lower incidence of asthma (8%) compared to those who grew up in inner cities (11%). |
Reduced |
54 |
| Asia-Guangzhou, China |
Farming environment and endotoxin levels |
13,251 |
13–14 |
Early contact with crops and high levels of environmental endotoxins may protect children from the effects of asthma. |
Reduced |
32 |
| North America-USA |
Endotoxin levels in homes |
60 |
7–14 |
High endotoxin levels in traditional Amish farms was a protective factor for asthma, and innate immunity also played an important role. |
Reduced |
2 |
| North America-Canada |
Farming environment |
10,941 |
0–11 |
The cumulative 14-year asthma incidence in children living in a farming environment was significantly lower than live in non-rural and rural non-farming environments. |
Reduced |
55 |
| South America-Cordoba rural areas |
Contact with livestock, such as dairy farms |
1,804 |
13–14 |
Residency on dairy farms, including periodic livestock contact reduced allergic rhino-conjunctivitis. |
Reduced |
56 |
| Africa-Cape Town and Eastern Cape province |
Farming exposure, sunlight exposure, pet, antibiotic and probiotic exposure, antihelminth exposure, cigarette smoke and fossil fuel exposure. |
1,736 |
1–3 |
Farm animal exposure but not unpasteurized milk is the strongest factor to against allergy. Fermented milk produces has a significant effect in urban cohort but not in rural. |
Reduced |
57 |
