TABLE 1.
Adipokine | Action on CMD | Metabolic syndrome | Type 2 diabetes | NAFLD | CVD |
Lipocalin-2 | Harmful | ↑ Triglyceride ↑ Insulin resistance ↑ Metabolic syndrome |
↑ Glucose ↑ Diabetes |
↑ Hepatic inflammation ↑ Hepatic lipid droplet accumulation, apoptosis ↑ Hepatic fibrosis |
↑ Atherosclerosis ↑ Coronary heart disease |
SFRP5 | Protective | ↓ HOMA-IR ↓ Lipid profile |
↓ Impaired glucose tolerance ↓ Type 2 diabetes ↑ GLP-1 agonist |
↓ Hepatic inflammation ↓ NAFLD progression |
↓ Coronary heart disease onset and severity |
Omentin-1 | Controversy | ↓ Waist circumference ↓ HOMA-IR ↑ HDL |
↑↓Controversy | ↑ NAFLD ↑ Hepatocyte ballooning |
↑↓ Controversy ↓ Arterial stiffness and carotid plaque ↑ Cardiovascular disease |
Asprosin | Controversy | ↑ Insulin resistance | ↑ Type 2 diabetes ↑ Risk of type 2 diabetes |
– | ↓ Angina ↓ Acute coronary syndrome |
FAM19A5 | Protective | – | ↑ Hyperglycemia ↑ Type 2 diabetes |
– | ↓ Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation ↑ Pulse wave velocity |
Neuregulin 4 | Protective | ↓ Insulin resistance | ↓ Type 2 diabetes | ↓ Hepatic steatosis ↓ NAFLD progression |
↓ Atherosclerosis ↓ Severe coronary artery lesion |
CMD, cardiometabolic disorder; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; SFRP5, secreted frizzled-related protein 5; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; HDL, high-density lipoprotein. ↑, increase; ↓, decrease.