TABLE 1.

Actions of newly discovered adipokines in cardiometabolic disorders (CMD).

Adipokine	Action on CMD	Metabolic syndrome	Type 2 diabetes	NAFLD	CVD
Lipocalin-2	Harmful	↑ Triglyceride ↑ Insulin resistance ↑ Metabolic syndrome	↑ Glucose ↑ Diabetes	↑ Hepatic inflammation ↑ Hepatic lipid droplet accumulation, apoptosis ↑ Hepatic fibrosis	↑ Atherosclerosis ↑ Coronary heart disease
SFRP5	Protective	↓ HOMA-IR ↓ Lipid profile	↓ Impaired glucose tolerance ↓ Type 2 diabetes ↑ GLP-1 agonist	↓ Hepatic inflammation ↓ NAFLD progression	↓ Coronary heart disease onset and severity
Omentin-1	Controversy	↓ Waist circumference ↓ HOMA-IR ↑ HDL	↑↓Controversy	↑ NAFLD ↑ Hepatocyte ballooning	↑↓ Controversy ↓ Arterial stiffness and carotid plaque ↑ Cardiovascular disease
Asprosin	Controversy	↑ Insulin resistance	↑ Type 2 diabetes ↑ Risk of type 2 diabetes	–	↓ Angina ↓ Acute coronary syndrome
FAM19A5	Protective	–	↑ Hyperglycemia ↑ Type 2 diabetes	–	↓ Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation ↑ Pulse wave velocity
Neuregulin 4	Protective	↓ Insulin resistance	↓ Type 2 diabetes	↓ Hepatic steatosis ↓ NAFLD progression	↓ Atherosclerosis ↓ Severe coronary artery lesion

CMD, cardiometabolic disorder; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; SFRP5, secreted frizzled-related protein 5; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; HDL, high-density lipoprotein. ↑, increase; ↓, decrease.