Fig. 3.

Mean offspring–parent difference in general cognitive ability, noncognitive-composite score, and educational-attainment polygenic score by number of education levels (a) and occupation levels (b) that adult offspring had moved relative to their parents (positive scores indicate greater offspring achievement). Measures were all standardized separately in the offspring and parent samples before the offspring–parent difference was obtained. Error bars represent ±1 SE; difference scores were winsorized to ±3 for education and ±4 for occupation to provide adequate samples at the extremes (see the Supplemental Material available online).