FIG 3.

TNP activates autophagy and inhibits HIV replication in macrophages and CD4⁺ T cells. HIV-infected macrophages and CD4⁺ T cells were exposed to 400 μg ml⁻¹ PLGA nanoparticles, 400 μg ml⁻¹ RBC-NP, or TNP for 4 h, washed three times with PBS, and then incubated for a further 24 h. n = 4. (A) (Top) Representative western blots of LC3B isoforms, ATG5, ATG7, and SQSTM1. (Bottom) Densitometric analysis of LC3B and SQSTM1 blots. (B) Cells were treated with vehicle or 100 nM bafilomycin A₁ for the last 16 h of culture. (Top) Representative western blots of LC3B isoforms and SQSTM1. (Bottom) Densitometric analysis of blots. (C) Aliquots of supernatants were spectrophotometrically tested for LDH as a measure of cell death. (D) An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed for HIV p24 antigen in the supernatant.