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Effect of A to I editing on viral RNA. (A) Orthopneumoviridal negative-sense ssRNA is transcribed into dsRNA by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The dsRNA is then edited by ADAR1 and recognized by Toll-like receptors, which triggers production of antiviral cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IFN-β, and TNF-α). (B) Editing of HDV circular ssRNA by ADAR1 leads to the production of two distinct mRNAs from the same ORF, the unedited HDAg-S and the edited HDAg-L.
