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. 2020 Sep 14;6(9):e04849. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04849

Table 2.

Risk factors for stunting (HAZ scores < -2SD) among children aged less than twenty four months.

Factors Stunted (%) N OR 95% CI P value
Household member <4 35.0 886 ref.
4 to <7 33.1 4,475 1.00 (0.84–1.18) 0.956
7 or more 33.4 1,869 1.19 (0.97–1.45) 0.094
Age (Months) 0 to <6 23.2 1,758 ref.
6 to <12 25.2 1,813 1.13 (0.96–1.33) 0.151
12 to <24 42.4 3,659 2.54 (2.21–2.92) <0.001
Gender Male 35.7 3,665 ref.
Female 31.0 3,565 0.78 (0.70–0.87) <0.001
Area Urban 30.2 1,153 ref.
Rural 34.0 6,077 0.88 (0.75–1.03) 0.115
Division Dhaka 33.7 1,850 ref.
Barisal 30.4 677 0.77 (0.62–0.95) 0.014
Chittagong 36.3 1,451 1.06 (0.90–1.25) 0.489
Khulna 26.1 995 0.69 (0.57–0.84) <0.001
Rajshahi 30.0 677 0.78 0.64–0.96) 0.021
Rangpur 36.0 916 1.03 (0.85–1.24) 0.795
Sylhet 40.1 664 1.26 (1.02–1.55) 0.032
Education of mother Secondary complete or higher 17.9 881 ref.
Secondary incomplete 29.6 2,705 1.47 (1.16–1.86) 0.002
Primary complete 35.8 1,141 1.68 (1.28–2.20) <0.001
Primary incomplete 39.8 996 1.84 (1.39–2.43) <0.001
None 43.3 1,507 1.96 (1.49–2.59) <0.001
Education of father Secondary complete or higher 20.9 1,057 ref.
Secondary incomplete 30.7 1,426 1.29 (1.04–1.60) 0.019
Primary complete 36.4 978 1.39 (1.10–1.75) 0.006
Primary incomplete 37.4 1,060 1.31 (1.03–1.66) 0.027
None 39.8 2,145 1.24 (0.98–1.55) 0.069
Wealth index quintile Richest 20.2 1,056 ref.
Fourth 27.6 1,175 1.32 (1.04–1.67) 0.023
Middle 30.1 1,364 1.28 (1.00–1.64) 0.055
Second 36.0 1,571 1.52 (1.18–1.97) 0.001
Poorest 43.6 2,064 1.96 (1.50–2.56) <0.001
Type of toilet facility Flush toilet 26.5 1,776 ref.
Pit toilet 33.5 4,482 1.09 (0.93–1.28) 0.285
Hanging toilet 45.8 579 1.21 (0.95–1.54) 0.130
No facilities (field, bush) 45.5 391 1.27 (0.97–1.68) 0.086
Salt iodization test outcome 0 PPM (not iodized) 38.1 1,907 ref.
More than 0 PPM and less than 15 PPM 38.2 1,443 1.12 (0.96–1.31) 0.146
15 PPM or more 29.3 3,750 0.95 (0.82–1.09) 0.427
Number of under five children 7,230 0.99 (0.89–1.10) 0.847