Table 2.

Microbial TTI in neonates undergoing blood transfusions. Legend. BW, birth weight; ET, exchange transfusion; RBC, red blood cell.

Reference	Population	Patients (n)/ Product transfused	Patogen	Outcome
Seeberg et al. [17]	Infant	1/ET with blood from four different donors	HAV	A female baby was the source of the outbreak in a pediatric surgical ward. TTI is associated with a period of viremia and viremia of 25 days before the onset of jaundice. One blood donor was responsible for HAV transmission and he was identified one month after donation.
Ammann et al. [18]	Infant	1/6 ET, 5 platelets and 7 partial ET from eighteen donors in the first 2 weeks of life	HIV	Eighteen months after birth HIV infection was diagnosed. The child died at 2 two years of age because of P.carinii pneumonia. One of the platelet donors was identified as a patient with AIDS who had died 17 months after blood donation.
Noble et al. [19]	Neonates	2/RBC and fresh frozen plasma	HAV	One male donor donated blood and this was transfused to 11 neonates (pedi-pack units). Later, he developed symptomatic HAV. Two neonates had HAV following blood transfusion from this donor.
Azimi et al. [20]	Prematures	2/RBC from 26 donors	HAV	Two patient were infected by blood transfusion from a IgM anti-HAV positive donor. The donor was a male who developed clinical symptoms some days after donation. Only after HAV diagnosis, he revealed a sexual intercourse with a male not tested.
O’Riordan et al. [21]	Infant	20/RBC, platelets	HCV	11/20 (55 %) presented HCV serological testing positive and only 5 had positive molecular testing (genotype 1b). All of the reported children are clinically asymptomatic. Six donors were identified: 1 viremic mother who performed direct donation to her child; 5 donors who were infected following anti-D administration (4) or not specified other source (1).
Lee et al. [22]	Infant	3/Plasma unit was divided into three aliquots assigned to three different patients	HAV	Identification of index case was performed following outbreaks among personnel in a NICU. The index case was one of the three children receiving one aliquot of plasma. The other two neonates died within some days from transfusion. The donor was a female with a negative medical history, but her boyfriend was diagnosed with HAV shortly after her donation.
Vareil et al. [23]	Newborn	1/whole blood	P. falciparum	The patient received a 60-mL whole blood transfusion in Senegal. The chronology of events and exposure to blood are highly suggestive of transfusion-transmitted malaria. The donor not could be traced.
Herwaldt et al. [24]	Prematures and full-term infant	13/RBC or platelets	Babesia microti	From 1997–2009, 13 transfusion–associated Babesia cases occurred in the United States. Most cases were associated with RBC transfusion while 2 to whole blood-derived platelets.
Simonsen et al. [25]	Prematures (≤32 week of gestational age)	7/RBC	Babesia microti	Transfusion from 2 infected units of blood resulted in 7 cases of neonatal transfusion-associated babesiosis. The extremely low birth weight neonates were the most severely affected. Double-volume exchange blood transfusion with prolunged multidrug treatment was required for 2 most severe cases.
Martini et al. [26]	Newborn	1/platelets	S.epidermidis	Female newborn underwent platelets transfusion. Six hours after, she developed fever (39.8 °C). She died of septic shock the same days.
Niederhauser et al. [27]	Newborns	3/RBC	HBV	Three received aliquots from the same unit: 2 had HBV infection and the third had no HBV markers. Blood donor was negative for HBsAg and not tested for anti-HBc or HBV DNA.
Waldenström et al. [28]	Newborn (9-day old age)	1/RBC	HCV	A 9-day old neonate received two RBC units from two different donors during surgery. HCV infection in one donor was identified 29 days after transfusion in plasma sent to industries for pharmaceutical products.
Van Schalkmyk et al. [29]	Neonates	48/blood	Candida krusei	A large outbreak of Candida krusei candidemia in a neonatal unit occuring during 4 months. The source of this outbreak could not be estabilished, however blood transfusion were identified as a risk factor in Candidemia positive infants.
Glanternik et al. [30]	Newborn	4/RBC	Babesia microti	Four infants were transfused with the same packed RBC from a donor unknowingly infected with Babesia microti. Two of the infants developed high-grade of parasitemia.