Table 1.
Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and healthy controls.
| Healthy controls (n = 16) | Metabolic syndrome (n = 19) | Type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 21) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 11.4 (±2.8)c | 12.4 (±2.1) | 13.8 (±1.5)a | 0.0040 |
| Weight (kg) | 37.6 (29.2-46.2)b,c | 71.1 (52.8-82.1)a | 67.1 (61.4-87.4)a | <0.0010 |
| Height (cm) | 145.0 (133.0-159.3)c | 154.0 (150.0-165.0) | 159.0 (155.0-165.0)a | 0.0190 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 17.8 (16.4-18.5)b,c | 26.0 (24.0-31.6)a | 27.7 (25.8-31.0)a | <0.0010 |
| BMIp | 60.0 (41.8-68.8)b,c | 98.0 (93.0-99.0)a | 96.0 (93.0-99.0)a | <0.0010 |
| WC (cm) | 64.1 (±6.0)b,c | 89.0 (±12.4)a | 95.7 (±16.4)a | <0.0010 |
| WCp | 25.0 (15.0-25.0)b,c | 85.0 (75.0-90.0)a | 85.0 (75.0-95.0)a | <0.0010 |
| Hip (cm) | 66.0 (±6.5)b,c | 96.8 (±12.7)a | 101.9 (±16.5)a | <0.0010 |
| WC-to-hip ratio | 1.0 (±0.0) | 0.9 (±0.1) | 0.9 (±0.1) | 0.1180 |
| WC-to-height ratio | 0.4 (±0.0)b,c | 0.6 (±0.1)a | 0.6 (±0.1)a | <0.0010 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 99.0 (96.0-104.0)b,c | 114.0 (101.5-117.0)a | 113.0 (108.0-120.0)a | <0.0010 |
| SBPp | 38.0 (28.8-40.5) | 79.0 (29.5-88.5) | 62.0 (36.0-90.0) | 0.0530 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 64.0 (63.5-66.5) | 66.0 (62.5-71.5) | 68.0 (63.0-80.0) | 0.3390 |
| DBPp | 61.6 (±8.9) | 60.6 (±26.8) | 65.2 (±25.7) | 0.7980 |
Data are presented as mean (±standard deviation) for parametric data and as median (interquartile range) for nonparametric data. aStatistical difference when compared vs. healthy control group; bstatistical difference when compared vs. metabolic syndrome group; cstatistical difference when compared vs. type 2 diabetes mellitus group. BMI: body mass index; BMIp: BMI percentile; WC: waist circumference; WCp: waist circumference percentile; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SBPp: systolic blood pressure percentile; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DBPp: diastolic blood pressure percentile. Statistical difference was established as p value ≤ 0.05.