Figure 3.

Bmal1 deficiency decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. The upper right quadrant (UR) indicates that JC-1 is present in the aggregative form, which exhibits red fluorescence with high mitochondrial membrane potential. The lower right quadrant (LR) indicates that JC-1 maintains in the monomeric form, which emits green fluorescence with low mitochondrial membrane potential. INS-1 cells were treated with or without Bmal1 inhibition after loading with JC-1 dye. The representative images were shown above. NC: normal control group; siRNA-NC: INS-1 cells treated with negative control siRNA; siRNA-Bmal1: INS-1 cells treated with Bmal1 siRNA. A p value < 0.05 is considered as statistically significant. ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.