Table 9.
Regression models showing associations between modifiable explanatory variables and anxiety
| B | 95% CI lower | 95% CI upper | β | P value | |
| GAD-7 total score† | |||||
| Age (per decade) | −0.16 | −0.18 | −0.14 | −0.20 | <0.0001**** |
| Female | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.34 | 0.07 | <0.0001**** |
| Live alone | −0.25 | −0.36 | −0.15 | −0.07 | <0.0001**** |
| BAME background | −0.08 | −0.19 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.19 |
| Key worker | −0.03 | −0.11 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.34 |
| Risk group‡ | |||||
| Most at risk | 0.02 | −0.15 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.83 |
| Increased risk | 0.07 | −0.02 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.13 |
| Perceived loneliness (per unit) | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.12 | <0.0001**** |
| Positive mood (per unit) | −0.12 | −0.13 | −0.11 | −0.48 | <0.0001**** |
| COVID-19 worry§ | |||||
| No worry | −0.18 | −0.28 | −0.09 | −0.05 | <0.001*** |
| Much of time | 0.57 | 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.15 | <0.0001**** |
| Most of time | 0.87 | 0.68 | 1.06 | 0.13 | <0.0001**** |
| Perceived risk of COVID-19 (per unit) | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.06 | <0.0001**** |
| Adjusted R2=0.54, n=2494 | |||||
| OR | 95% CI lower | 95% CI upper | β | P value | |
| GAD-7 ‘cases’¶ | |||||
| Age (per decade) | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.76 | −1.32 | <0.0001**** |
| Female | 1.17 | 0.82 | 1.67 | 0.13 | 0.38 |
| Live alone | 0.67 | 0.46 | 0.99 | −0.31 | 0.04* |
| BAME background | 0.96 | 0.65 | 1.44 | −0.03 | 0.86 |
| Key worker | 0.89 | 0.70 | 1.15 | −0.13 | 0.38 |
| Risk group‡ | |||||
| Most at risk | 0.89 | 0.51 | 1.55 | −0.05 | 0.67 |
| Increased risk | 0.92 | 0.66 | 1.29 | −0.07 | 0.64 |
| Perceived loneliness (per unit) | 1.11 | 1.06 | 1.17 | 0.68 | <0.0001**** |
| Positive mood (per unit) | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.80 | −3.08 | <0.0001**** |
| COVID-19 worry§ | |||||
| No worry | 0.75 | 0.52 | 1.09 | −0.24 | 0.13 |
| Much of time | 3.90 | 2.88 | 5.29 | 1.07 | <0.0001**** |
| Most of time | 11.63 | 5.91 | 22.90 | 1.06 | <0.0001**** |
| Perceived risk of COVID-19 (per unit) | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.14 | 0.35 | 0.02* |
| Pseudo R2=0.36, n=2494 | |||||
*p<0.05, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.
†A square-root transformation was applied to the dependent variable.
‡Comparison reference group ‘I am in neither risk category’.
§Comparison reference group ‘I occasionally worry about getting COVID-19’.
¶A ‘case’ is defined as a GAD-7 Score greater than or equal to 10, at which level someone would qualify for high intensity psychological support in the National Health Service.
BAME, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic; GAD-7, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale.