TABLE 2.

Theranostic value of miR in rectal cancer.

Types	Model/methods	Theranostic value	Key miR	Evidence	References
Rectal cancer	Tumor specimen from patients	Diagnosis	miR-645, miR-193a-5p, miR-27a and let-7g	miR-645, miR-193a-5p, miR-27a and let-7g were identified as stably expressed, both in malignant and stromal tissue. The mean expression of miR-27a, miR-193a-5p and let-7g as normalization factor.	Eriksen et al., 2016
Colorectal cancer	Tumor specimen from patients	Diagnosis	miR -21 and 203	An increased expression of miR -21 and 203 in tumor samples in relation to non-tumor samples was found. The expression of miR-203 was progressively lower in relation to the TNM staging and was higher in the patient group in clinical remission.	Carvalho et al., 2017
Colorectal cancer	Muc22/2 and +/+ mice	Diagnosis	miR-138, miR-145, miR-146a, and miR-150	miR-138, miR-145, miR-146a, and miR-150 were validated and were found significantly downregulated in human colitis and colorectal cancer tissues.	Bao et al., 2014
Colorectal cancer	Tumor specimen from patients	Staging	miR-143 and miR-145	miR-145 was downregulated in both colon and rectal cancer. miR-143 was only downregulated in tumor specimens from colon cancer but not in rectal cancer.	Wang et al., 2009
Colorectal cancer	Public database	Staging	hsa-miR-145-5p, hsa-miR-31-5p, miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-215, and hsa-miR-451a	hsa-miR-145-5p and hsa-miR-31-5p is associated with increased expression with more advanced tumor stage; hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-215, and hsa-miR-451a have decreased expression with more advanced tumors.	Slattery et al., 2015
Rectal cancer	Tumor specimen from patients	Therapy	miR-145	Patients with a low intratumoral post-therapeutic expression significantly have a worse response to neoadjuvant therapy compared to rectal cancer patients with a high expression of miR-145, determined by macrodissected tumor tissue.	Drebber et al., 2011
Rectal cancer	GEO database	Therapy	miR-548c-5p, miR-548d-5p, and miR663a	miR-548c-5p, miR-548d-5p, and miR-663a were significantly associated with a CR to nCRT.	Du et al., 2018
Rectal cancer	Tumor specimen from patients	Therapy	miR-99b, miR-21, miR-328, and miR-375	miR-99b, miR-21,and miR-375 act as chemoradiotherapy response-related miR whereas miR-328 and let-7e emerge as prognostic markers for disease-free survival and overall survival.	Campayo et al., 2018
Rectal cancer	Tumor specimen from patients	Prognosis	miR-31	High levels of miR-31 are reported overexpressed in 34.2% of rectal cancer. Its overexpression predicts poor overall survival and pathological response.	Carames et al., 2016
Rectal cancer	Tumor specimen from patients	Prognosis	miR-17, -18a, -18b, -19a, -19b, -20a, -20b and -106a	Upregulation of miR-17, -18a, -18b, -19a, -19b, -20a, -20b, and -106a in tumor was associated with higher risk of tumor relapse and their overexpression in rectal cancer cell lines stimulated cellular proliferation.	Kral et al., 2018