Table 1.
General characteristics of study participants
| Variable | HFI status | p-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Food-secure (n = 137) | Food-insecure (n = 178) | ||
| Age (year) | 10.49 ± 1.02b | 10.58 ± 0.98 | 0.44c |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 73 (45.1)c | 89 (54.9) | 0.56 |
| Female | 64 (41.8) | 89 (58.2) | |
| Grade | |||
| Fourth | 50 (46.3) | 58 (53.7) | 0.73 |
| Fifth | 43 (41.0) | 62 (59.0) | |
| Sixth | 44 (43.1) | 58 (56.9) | |
| BMI z-score | |||
| Underweight | 8 (40.0) | 12 (60.0) | 0.02* |
| Normal | 76 (42.0) | 105 (58.0) | |
| Overweight | 20 (33.3) | 40 (66.7) | |
| Obese | 33 (61.1) | 21 (38.9) | |
| Birth order | |||
| 1 | 81 (54.0) | 69 (46.0) | < 0.001* |
| ≥ 2 | 56 (33.9) | 109 (66.1) | |
| Father age tertile (year) | |||
| 30–37 | 31 (40.8) | 45 (59.2) | 0.15 |
| 38–44 | 69 (49.6) | 70 (50.4) | |
| ≥ 45 | 36 (37.5) | 60 (62.5) | |
| Mother age tertile (year) | |||
| 23–34 | 43 (45.7) | 51 (54.3) | 0.56 |
| 35–39 | 57 (46.0) | 67 (54.0) | |
| ≥ 40 | 37 (39.4) | 57 (60.6) | |
| Father education | |||
| ≤ 5 years education | 2 (4.9) | 39 (95.1) | < 0.001* |
| 6 to 9 years or diploma | 37 (26.4) | 103 (73.6) | |
| Associate’s degree and higher | 97 (75.2) | 32 (24.8) | |
| Mother education | |||
| ≤ 5 years education | 1 (3.4) | 28 (96.6) | < 0.001* |
| 6–9 years or diploma | 38 (23.3) | 125 (76.7) | |
| Associate’s degree and higher | 98 (81.7) | 22 (18.3) | |
HFI household food insecurity, BMI body mass index
*Significant at the level of p < 0.05
a p-values obtained from Chi-square test unless indicated
b Data are shown as Mean ± standard deviation
c p-value obtained from Independent-samples t test
c Data are shown as frequency (percentage)