Table 1.

Distribution of multilevel characteristics according to total study population, controls, and localized and advanced prostate cancer cases, San Francisco Bay Area, 1997–2000

	Controls		Cases
			Localized		Advanced
	n = 542		n = 208		n = 567
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Individual-level sociodemographic factors
Educationa
High school degree or less	122	22.5	68	32.7	149	26.3
Some college	163	30.1	55	26.4	152	26.8
College graduate or more	257	47.4	85	40.9	266	46.9
Race/ethnicitya
Non-Hispanic White	453	83.6	135	64.9	450	79.4
African-American	89	16.4	73	35.1	117	20.6
Nativitya
US-born	507	93.5	192	92.3	529	93.3
Foreign-born	33	6.1	16	7.7	38	6.7
Missing	2	0.4	0	0.0	0	0.0
Age at diagnosis (cases)b or selection (controls)a
40–49	16	3.0	7	3.4	22	3.9
50–59	144	26.6	43	20.7	169	29.8
60–69	239	44.1	70	33.7	235	41.4
70–79	143	26.4	88	42.3	141	24.9
Medical historya
Family history of prostate cancer
No	477	88.0	164	78.8	459	81.0
Yes	65	12.0	44	21.2	108	19.0
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
No	388	71.6	119	57.2	319	56.3
Yes	147	27.1	81	38.9	228	40.2
Missing	7	1.3	8	3.8	20	3.5
Prostatitis
No	474	87.5	146	70.2	399	70.4
Yes	64	11.8	56	26.9	146	25.7
Unknown	4	0.7	6	2.9	22	3.9
Medical care
MD/RN/insured	521	96.1	198	95.2	536	94.5
ER/public clinic/other	20	3.7	10	4.8	30	5.3
Missing	< 5		0	0.0	< 5
Number of PSA tests in last 5 years
0	96	17.7	37	17.8	147	25.9
1–2	132	24.4	41	19.7	125	22.0
3–4	80	14.8	34	16.3	83	14.6
5+	146	26.9	91	43.8	186	32.8
Missing	88	16.2	5	2.4	26	4.6
Behavioral factorsa
Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2)
Lower than 25	136	25.1	60	28.8	153	27.0
25–29	249	45.9	102	49.0	278	49.0
30 or higher	152	28.0	39	18.8	132	23.3
Missing	5	0.9	7	3.4	4	0.7
Average daily caloric intake (kcal)
Less than 1950	161	29.7	53	25.5	157	27.7
1951–2584	141	26.0	56	26.9	141	24.9
2585–3301	126	23.2	46	22.1	120	21.2
3302+	96	17.7	40	19.2	112	19.8
Missing	18	3.3	13	6.3	37	6.5
Average daily alcohol consumption (g)
0	180	33.2	75	36.1	187	33.0
1–5	74	13.7	18	8.7	75	13.2
5–9.9	52	9.6	19	9.1	48	8.5
10–14.9	68	12.5	21	10.1	54	9.5
15 or more	168	31.0	75	36.1	203	35.8
Smoking
Never	156	28.8	53	25.5	156	27.5
Former	291	53.7	114	54.8	290	51.1
Current	92	17.0	35	16.8	118	20.8
Missing	3	0.6	6	2.9	3	0.5
Physical activity—(hours/week, previous 3 years)
0	211	38.9	81	38.9	221	39.0
Less than 5	156	28.8	61	29.3	173	30.5
5 or more	175	32.3	66	31.7	171	30.2
Missing	0	0.0	0	0.0	2	0.4
Contextual-level factorsc
Neighborhood SES (quintilesd)
Q1 (lowest)	16	3.0	7	3.4	11	1.9
Q2	50	9.2	21	10.1	44	7.8
Q3	75	13.8	27	13.0	59	10.4
Q4	135	24.9	50	24.0	107	18.9
Q5 (highest)	266	49.1	103	49.5	346	61.0
Population density (quartilesd)
Q1	84	15.5	47	22.6	116	20.5
Q2	125	23.1	46	22.1	132	23.3
Q3	140	25.8	44	21.2	149	26.3
Q4	193	35.6	71	34.1	170	30.0
Percentage of residents traveling 60+ min to work (quartilesd)
Q1	136	25.1	50	24.0	143	25.2
Q2	134	24.7	50	24.0	140	24.7
Q3	138	25.5	59	28.4	158	27.9
Q4	134	24.7	49	23.6	126	22.2
Percentage of residents traveling to work by car or motorcycle (quartilesd)
Q1	136	25.1	47	22.6	121	21.3
Q2	135	24.9	69	33.2	170	30.0
Q3	136	25.1	50	24.0	149	26.3
Q4	135	24.9	42	20.2	127	22.4
Residential mobilitye (quartilesd)
Q1	165	30.4	67	32.2	206	36.3
Q2	116	21.4	53	25.5	137	24.2
Q3	137	25.3	52	25.0	133	23.5
Q4	124	22.9	36	17.3	91	16.0
Household crowding (quartilesd)
Q1	135	24.9	61	29.3	166	29.3
Q2	136	25.1	51	24.5	164	28.9
Q3	135	24.9	50	24.0	121	21.3
Q4	136	25.1	46	22.1	116	20.5
Percentage of multi-family housing unitsf (quartilesd)
Q1	136	25.1	45	21.6	148	26.1
Q2	135	24.9	60	28.8	172	30.3
Q3	135	24.9	58	27.9	121	21.3
Q4	136	25.1	45	21.6	126	22.2
Street connectivity (gamma measure, quartiles)g
Q1	136	25.1	59	28.4	160	28.2
Q2	136	25.1	53	25.5	137	24.2
Q3	133	24.5	33	15.9	136	24.0
Q4	137	25.3	63	30.3	134	23.6
Businesses (total number, quartilesh)
Q1	136	25.1	65	31.3	170	30.0
Q2	135	24.9	57	27.4	139	24.5
Q3	137	25.3	39	18.8	139	24.5
Q4	134	24.7	47	22.6	119	21.0
Restaurant Environment Indexh, i
0	141	26.0	66	31.7	168	29.6
T1	113	20.8	30	14.4	120	21.2
T2	110	20.3	53	25.5	105	18.5
T3	118	21.8	37	17.8	110	19.4
Missing	60	11.1	22	10.6	64	11.3
Retail Food Environment Indexh, j
0	53	9.8	17	8.2	48	8.5
T1	143	26.4	57	27.4	152	26.8
T2	161	29.7	65	31.3	153	27.0
T3	135	24.9	41	19.7	135	23.8
Missing	50	9.2	28	13.5	79	13.9
Parks (total number)
0	87	16.1	44	21.2	113	19.9
1–2	245	45.2	90	43.3	248	43.7
3	77	14.2	26	12.5	76	13.4
4+	133	24.5	48	23.1	130	22.9
Farmers markets (total number)
0	375	69.2	143	68.8	405	71.4
1	115	21.2	40	19.2	101	17.8
2+	52	9.6	25	12.0	61	10.8
Traffic densityh
Q1	135	24.9	58	27.9	163	28.7
Q2	136	25.1	57	27.4	143	25.2
Q3	136	25.1	57	27.4	134	23.6
Q4	135	24.9	36	17.3	127	22.4

MD medical doctor, RN registered nurse, ER emergency room, PSA prostate specific antigen, SES socioeconomic status

^aData obtained from interview

^bData obtained from the California Cancer Regsitry

^cData obtained from the California Neighborhoods Data System

^dBased on the quintile/quartile distribution for block groups in California

^eNeighborhood residential mobility was measured as the percent of residents who lived in the same location from 1995 to 2000

^fPercentage of multi-family housing was defined as the percentage of total housing units that re not single family dwellings (i.e., structures with more than 2 units)

^gGamma measure, ratio of actual number of street segments to the maximum possible given the number of intersections. Quartiles based on the distribution for census tracts in California

^hBased on the quartile/tertile distribution among study cases and controls

ⁱThe Restaurant Environment Index is the ratio of the number of fast food restaurants compared to the number of other restaurants within the residential buffer. Cases and controls with residential buffers with no businesses were included in the ‘0’ category

^jThe Retail Food Environment Index is the ratio of the number of convenience stores, liquor stores, and fast food restaurants compared to the number of supermarkets and farmers markets within the residential buffer. Cases with residential buffers with no businesses were included in the ‘0’ category