Table 2.

Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for each multi-level factor with risk of localized and advanced prostate cancer in the base model

	Localized				Advanced
	OR	95% CI	p value	p trend	OR	95% CI	p value	p trend
Individual-level sociodemographic factors
Education
High school or less	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Some college	0.78	0.50–1.21			0.77	0.55–1.07
College graduate or more	0.93	0.60–1.42	0.557	0.85	0.89	0.65–1.21	0.288	0.61
Nativity
US-born	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Foreign-born	1.55	0.83–2.90	0.205		1.15	0.71–1.87	0.599
Medical history
Family history of prostate cancer
No	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Yes	1.85	1.21–2.84	0.005		1.69	1.22–2.35	0.002
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
No	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Yes	1.75	1.24–2.48	0.002		2.07	1.59–2.70	< 0.001
Prostatitis
No	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Yes	2.48	1.65–3.73	< 0.001		2.7	1.95–3.73	< 0.001
Medical care
MD/RN/insured	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
ER/public clinic/other	1.33	0.59–2.99	0.636		1.37	0.75–2.48	0.293
Number of PSAs in last 5 years
0	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
1–2	0.83	0.49–1.40			0.63	0.44–0.89
3–4	1.03	0.58–1.83			0.69	0.46–1.04
5+	1.56	0.96–2.51	0.026	0.01	0.87	0.62–1.22	0.047	0.91
Behavioral factors
Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2)
Lower than 25	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
25–29	0.94	0.64–1.40			0.99	0.74–1.31
30 or higher	0.56	0.35–0.89	0.025	0.01	0.75	0.54–1.04	0.136	0.09
Average daily caloric intake (kcal)
Less than 1950	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
1950–2584	1.32	0.85–2.06			1.03	0.75–1.41
2585–3301	1.22	0.76–1.95			0.97	0.69–1.36
3302 or more	1.30	0.79–2.13	0.359	0.33	1.16	0.81–1.66	0.790	0.53
Average daily alcohol consumption (g)
0	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
1–5	0.72	0.40–1.30			1.01	0.69–1.49
5–9.9	1.04	0.58–1.88			0.90	0.58–1.41
10–14.9	1.01	0.57–1.79			0.80	0.53–1.22
15 or more	1.25	0.84–1.84	0.380	0.19	1.19	0.89–1.60	0.393	0.33
Smoking
Never	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Former	1.11	0.75–1.63			1.02	0.77–1.35
Current	1.06	0.63–1.78	0.839		1.23	0.87–1.76	0.459
Physical activity—(hours/week, previous 3 years)
0	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Less than 5	1.29	0.85–1.95			1.08	0.80–1.45
5 or more	1.14	0.76–1.70	0.464	0.50	0.96	0.73–1.27	0.754	0.81
Contextual factors
Neighborhood SES (quintilesa)
Low (Q1–Q2)	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Middle	1.44	0.74–2.80			1.22	0.73–2.05
Higher-middle	1.86	1.01–3.45			1.34	0.82–2.20
Highest	2.46	1.35–4.49		< 0.01	2.39	1.50–3.82		< 0.01
Population density (quartilesa)
Q1	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Q2	0.63	0.38–1.04			0.76	0.52–1.12
Q3	0.49	0.30–0.81			0.74	0.51–1.09
Q4	0.41	0.25–0.67		< 0.01	0.56	0.39–0.82		< 0.01
Percentage of residents traveling 60+ min to work (quartilesa)
Q1	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Q2	0.95	0.60–1.51			0.97	0.69–1.37
Q3	1.04	0.66–1.62			1.04	0.74–1.47
Q4	0.87	0.54–1.42		0.68	0.86	0.60–1.23		0.53
Percentage of residents traveling to work by car or motorcycle (quartilesa)
Q1	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Q2	1.65	1.05–2.58			1.46	1.04–2.06
Q3	1.41	0.87–2.30			1.31	0.92–1.86
Q4	1.23	(0.75–2.02		0.58	1.13	0.79–1.63		0.71
Residential mobilityb (quartilesa)
Q1	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Q2	1.12	0.72–1.73			0.94	0.67–1.33
Q3	0.92	0.59–1.41			0.76	0.55–1.05
Q4	0.69	0.43–1.12		0.12	0.57	0.40–0.80		< 0.01
Household crowding (quartilesa)
Q1	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Q2	0.76	0.49–1.19			0.96	0.68–1.34
Q3	0.61	0.39–0.96			0.67	0.48–0.95
Q4	0.43	0.26–0.72		< 0.01	0.60	0.42–0.86		< 0.01
Percentage of multi-family housing unitsc (quartilesa)
Q1	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Q2	1.21	0.76–1.94			1.13	0.80–1.59
Q3	1.05	0.66–1.68			0.77	0.54–1.11
Q4	0.83	0.51–1.36		0.36	0.79	0.56–1.13		0.06
Street connectivity (gamma measured, quartilesa)
Q1	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Q2	0.83	0.53–1.30			0.84	0.60–1.18
Q3	0.50	0.30–0.82			0.84	0.60–1.19
Q4	0.65	0.40–1.05		0.02	0.73	0.51–1.04		0.1
Businesses (total number)e
Q1	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Q2	0.80	0.52–1.24			0.81	0.58–1.12
Q3	0.50	0.31–0.81			0.78	0.56–1.09
Q4	0.58	0.37–0.91		< 0.01	0.67	0.47–0.94		0.02
Restaurant Environment Indexe, f
0	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
T1	0.49	0.30–0.81			0.86	0.61–1.21
T2	0.83	0.52–1.32			0.78	0.55–1.11
T3	0.55	0.33–0.91		0.07	0.76	0.53–1.07		0.09
Food Retail Environment Indexe, g
0	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
T1	1.02	0.53–1.96			1.11	0.71–1.74
T2	1.10	0.58–2.08			1.01	0.65–1.57
T3	0.95	0.48–1.85		0.90	1.08	0.69–1.71		0.96
Parks (total number)
0	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
1–2	0.68	0.43–1.08			0.77	0.55–1.08
3	0.54	0.29–0.99			0.73	0.47–1.12
4 or more	0.54	0.32–0.90		0.02	0.70	0.48–1.03		0.09
Farmers markets (total number)
0	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
1	0.83	0.54–1.27			0.80	0.59–1.08
2 or more	0.98	0.58–1.66		0.76	1.00	0.66–1.53		0.72
Traffic density
Q1	1.00	Reference			1.00	Reference
Q2	0.86	0.55–1.34			0.85	0.61–1.17
Q3	0.86	0.55–1.35			0.79	0.57–1.10
Q4	0.47	0.29–0.78		< 0.01	0.73	0.52–1.03		0.06

Bold type indicates statistical significance at p < 0.05

MD medical doctor, RN registered nurse, ER emergency room, PSA prostate specific antigen, SES socioeconomic status, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval

Base Model adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, clustering of census block groups

^aBased on the quintile/quartile distribution for block groups/census tracts in California

^bNeighborhood residential mobility was measured as the percent of residents who lived in the same location from 1995 to 2000

^cPercentage of multi-family housing units was defined as the percentage of total housing units that are not single family dwellings (i.e., structures with more than 2 units)

^dMeasures considered were median block length, median block size, total intersections, total street segments, the alpha measure (ratio of the actual number of complete loops to the maximum possible given the number of intersections), and the gamma measure (ratio of actual number of street segments to the maximum possible given the number of intersections). None of these measures were associated with overall survival at p < 0.05

^eBased on the quartile/tertile distribution among all study cases and controls

^fThe Restaurant Environment Index is the ratio of the number of fast food restaurants compared to the number of other restaurants within the residential buffer. Cases and controls with residential buffers with no businesses were included in the ‘0’ category

^gThe Retail Food Environment Index is the ratio of the number of convenience stores, liquor stores, and fast food restaurants compared to the number of supermarkets and farmers markets within the residential buffer. Cases and controls with residential buffers with no businesses were included in the ‘0’ category