Table 3.

Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for associations of education and neighborhood SES with risk of localized prostate cancer, San Francisco Bay Area, 1997–2000

	Controls n	Cases n	Base modela		Model 2b		Model 3ac		Model 3bd		Model 4e
			OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Model with education and neighborhood SES as separate variables
Education
High school or less	122	68	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
Some college	163	55	0.73	0.47–1.13	0.71	0.44–1.13	0.7	0.44–1.13	0.69	0.42–1.12	0.69	0.42–1.13
College graduate or more	257	85	0.75	0.48–1.18	0.69	0.43, 1.13	0.63	0.38–1.04	0.64	0.39–1.06	0.60	0.36–1.00
p trend			0.25		0.17		0.08		0.10		0.06
Neighborhood SES
Low (Q1–Q2)	66	28	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
Middle	75	27	1.47	0.76–2.86	1.25	0.63–2.47	1.26	0.61–2.59	1.31	0.64–2.71	1.29	0.60–2.76
Higher-middle	135	50	1.93	1.03–3.61	1.60	0.83–3.09	1.49	0.73–3.04	1.79	0.88–3.63	1.70	0.79–3.65
Highest	266	103	2.66	1.42–4.98	2.15	1.11–4.18	1.59	0.71–3.59	2.40	1.14–5.05	1.98	0.83–4.72
p trend			< 0.01		< 0.01		0.21		< 0.01		0.09
Model with a joint education/neighborhood SES variable
Education/neighborhood SESf
High school or less/low nSES	186	82	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference	1.00	Reference
High school or less/high nSES	99	41	1.48	0.91–2.41	1.39	0.82–2.35	1.04	0.57–1.87	1.40	0.79–2.47	1.15	0.62–2.14
Some college or more/low nSES	90	23	0.88	0.49–1.56	0.82	0.45–1.49	0.75	0.41–1.38	0.78	0.42–1.43	0.72	0.38–1.35
Some college or more/high nSES	167	62	1.49	0.95–2.33	1.30	0.81–2.10	0.86	0.48–1.55	1.25	0.74–2.10	0.93	0.50–1.73

Bold type indicates statistical significance

SES socioeconomic status, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval

^aBase model: adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and clustering of census block group

^bModel 2: Base Model + medical history (family history of prostate cancer, benign prostate hyperplasia, prostatitis, number of PSA tests in last 5 years) and behavioral factors (BMI)

^cModel 3a: Model 2 + population density, crowding, and residential mobility

^dModel 3b: Model 2 + walkability, total business count, traffic density, restaurant environment index, and parks

^eModel 4: Model 2 + All neighborhood factors in Models 3a–3b

^fLow nSES (Q1–Q4), high SES (Q5)