Table 4.
Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for associations of education and neighborhood SES with risk of advanced prostate cancer, San Francisco Bay Area, 1997–2000
| Controls n | Cases n | Base modela |
Model 2b |
Model 3ac |
Model 3bd |
Model 4e |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||
| Model with education and neighborhood SES as separate variables | ||||||||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| High school or les | 122 | 149 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
| Some college | 163 | 152 | 0.71 | 0.50–1.00 | 0.68 | 0.47–0.98 | 0.69 | 0.47–0.99 | 0.67 | 0.46–0.98 | 0.68 | 0.47–0.99 |
| College graduate or more | 257 | 266 | 0.68 | 0.49–0.95 | 0.69 | 0.48–0.99 | 0.67 | 0.47–0.97 | 0.67 | 0.46–0.96 | 0.65 | 0.45–0.94 |
| p trend | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | |||||||
| Neighborhood SES | ||||||||||||
| Low (Q1–Q2) | 66 | 55 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
| Middle | 75 | 59 | 1.25 | 0.74–2.10 | 1.11 | 0.64–1.93 | 1.11 | 0.63–1.97 | 1.11 | 0.62–1.97 | 1.12 | 0.62–2.03 |
| Higher-middle | 135 | 107 | 1.41 | 0.86–2.33 | 1.19 | 0.71–2.01 | 1.21 | 0.69–2.13 | 1.21 | 0.70–2.10 | 1.24 | 0.69–2.24 |
| Highest | 266 | 346 | 2.67 | 1.64–4.35 | 2.26 | 1.35–3.78 | 2.13 | 1.15–3.94 | 2.32 | 1.32–4.07 | 2.27 | 1.18–4.35 |
| p trend | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | |||||||
| Model with a joint education/neighborhood SES variable | ||||||||||||
| Education/neighborhood SESf | ||||||||||||
| High school or less/low nSES | 186 | 174 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
| High school or less/high nSES | 99 | 127 | 1.61 | 1.13–2.30 | 1.49 | 1.01–2.20 | 1.4 | 0.90–2.17 | 1.51 | 1.01–2.27 | 1.46 | 0.93–2.30 |
| Some college or more/low nSES | 90 | 47 | 0.62 | 0.41–0.95 | 0.60 | 0.39–0.95 | 0.6 | 0.38–0.96 | 0.59 | 0.37–0.94 | 0.59 | 0.37–0.95 |
| Some college or more/high nSES | 167 | 219 | 1.66 | 1.21–2.29 | 1.64 | 1.17–2.30 | 1.46 | 0.97–2.20 | 1.63 | 1.13–2.34 | 1.47 | 0.97–2.23 |
Bold type indicates statistical significance
SES socioeconomic status, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
Base model: adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and clustering of census block group
Model 2: Base Model + medical history (family history of prostate cancer, benign prostate hyperplasia, prostatitis, number of PSA tests in last 5 years) and behavioral factors (BMI)
Model 3a: Model 2 + population density, crowding, residential mobility
Model 3b: Model 2 + walkability, total business count, traffic density, restaurant environment index, parks
Model 4: Model 2 + All neighborhood factors in Models 3a–3b
Low nSES (Q1–Q4), high SES (Q5)