TABLE 2.
VR Presurvey and Postsurvey Responses n = 109
|
Pre-VR Response |
Post-VR Response |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weighted Score of Components (Similar to BAI) | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p* | ||||
| Anxiety-related questions | |||||||||
| Overall | 4.66 | 4.24 | 1.84 | 2.83 | <.0001 | ||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 4.97 | 4.57 | 2.11 | 2.96 | <.0001 | ||||
| Female | 4.20 | 3.71 | 1.45 | 2.62 | <.0001 | ||||
| Age | |||||||||
| ≤65 (n = 57) | 5.14 | 4.88 | 2.05 | 3.16 | <.0001 | ||||
| >65 (n = 52) | 4.13 | 3.38 | 1.62 | 2.43 | <.0001 | ||||
| VR headset | |||||||||
| Vive | 4.68 | 4.48 | 1.75 | 2.61 | <.0001 | ||||
| Daydream | 4.55 | 4.10 | 1.96 | 2.93 | <.0001 | ||||
|
Pre-VR Response |
Post-VR Response |
||||||||
| Measures | Responses | n | % | n | % | p* | |||
| Anxiety-related questions | |||||||||
| Any wobbliness in your legs? | Not at all | 88 | 80.7 | 94 | 86.2 | 0.7344 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 17 | 15.6 | 12 | 11.0 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 3 | 2.8 | 2 | 1.8 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 1 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.9 | |||||
| Unable to relax? | Not at all | 71 | 65.1 | 86 | 78.9 | 0.0013 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 28 | 25.7 | 20 | 18.3 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 10 | 9.2 | 2 | 1.8 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 | |||||
| Fear of the worst happening? | Not at all | 62 | 56.9 | 94 | 86.2 | <.0001 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 31 | 28.4 | 8 | 7.3 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 11 | 10.1 | 3 | 2.8 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Faint, dizzy, or lightheaded? | Not at all | 86 | 78.9 | 91 | 83.5 | 0.5960 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 16 | 14.7 | 14 | 12.8 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 4 | 3.7 | 2 | 1.8 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Your heart is pounding or racing? | Not at all | 92 | 84.4 | 99 | 90.8 | 0.1718 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 12 | 11.0 | 7 | 6.4 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 3 | 2.8 | 1 | 0.9 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Terrified or afraid? | Not at all | 86 | 78.9 | 102 | 93.6 | 0.0046 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 17 | 15.6 | 6 | 5.5 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 5 | 4.6 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Nervous? | Not at all | 58 | 53.2 | 85 | 78.0 | <.0001 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 39 | 35.8 | 21 | 19.3 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 11 | 10.1 | 1 | 0.9 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| As though your hands are trembling? | Not at all | 95 | 87.2 | 95 | 87.2 | 0.8013 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 12 | 11.0 | 13 | 11.9 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Shaky/unsteady? | Not at all | 82 | 75.2 | 90 | 82.6 | 0.5895 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 21 | 19.3 | 17 | 15.6 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 4 | 3.7 | 1 | 0.9 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Fear of losing control? | Not at all | 98 | 89.9 | 104 | 95.4 | 0.4232 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 7 | 6.4 | 3 | 2.8 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 2 | 1.8 | 1 | 0.9 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Difficulty breathing? | Not at all | 104 | 95.4 | 103 | 94.5 | 0.3916 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 3 | 2.8 | 6 | 5.5 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 2 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Fear of dying? | Not at all | 92 | 84.4 | 96 | 88.1 | 0.4615 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 14 | 12.8 | 9 | 8.3 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 3 | 2.8 | 3 | 2.8 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 | |||||
| Indigestion | Not at all | 93 | 85.3 | 99 | 90.8 | 0.1290 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 12 | 11.0 | 9 | 8.3 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 3 | 2.8 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Like your face is flushed? | Not at all | 97 | 89.0 | 99 | 90.8 | 0.3916 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 8 | 7.3 | 7 | 6.4 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 3 | 2.8 | 2 | 1.8 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Hot/cold sweats? | Not at all | 98 | 89.9 | 106 | 97.2 | 0.1736 | |||
| Mildly–it doesn’t bother me much | 7 | 6.4 | 2 | 1.8 | |||||
| Moderately–it’s unpleasant, but I can stand it | 2 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Severely–I can barely stand it | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Pain-related questions (n=99†) | |||||||||
| Rate pain you are currently experiencing | 1–2 | 88 | 80.7 | 90 | 82.6 | 0.7254 | |||
| 3–4 | 2 | 1.8 | 4 | 3.7 | |||||
| 4–6 | 5 | 4.6 | 1 | 0.9 | |||||
| 7–8 | 2 | 1.8 | 2 | 1.8 | |||||
| 9–10 | 2 | 1.8 | 2 | 1.8 | |||||
| Satisfaction-related questions | |||||||||
| I think my doctors office has everything needed to provide complete medical care | Strongly agree | 92 | 84.4 | 94 | 86.2 | 0.5637 | |||
| Agree | 17 | 15.6 | 15 | 13.8 | |||||
| Uncertain | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Disagree | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Strongly disagree | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| The medical care I have been receiving is just about perfect. | Strongly agree | 100 | 91.7 | 97 | 89.0 | 0.3173 | |||
| Agree | 9 | 8.3 | 12 | 11.0 | |||||
| Uncertain | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Disagree | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| Strongly disagree | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
| I am dissatisfied with some things about the medical care I receive | Strongly agree | 3 | 2.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.747 | |||
| Agree | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 | |||||
| Uncertain | 1 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.9 | |||||
| Disagree | 24 | 22.0 | 17 | 15.6 | |||||
| Strongly disagree | 81 | 74.3 | 90 | 82.6 | |||||
*
p-value for the Pearson chi-squared test for independence.
†
Total number of patients who completed all presurvey and postsurvey pain-related questions.
BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; VR, virtual reality.