TABLE 1.

Descriptive Characteristics of Some Existing Emergency Department–Based ICUs in the United States (Not Meant to Be All Inclusive)

ED‐ICUs	Unit Size	Patient Care Model	Staffing Model
Massey EC3 (University of Michigan)	5 resuscitation bays + 9 beds	Outpatients (ED), direct from ED, outside hospital (OSH) ED transfers	Physicians: All EM board‐certified, some dual EM‐CCM fellowship trained, CCM fellows nursing: CCRN and ED RNs undergo 8‐wk inpatient ICU orientation
CCRU (University of Maryland)	6 beds	Outpatients (ED) and Inpatients (OSH ICU transfers, decompensating non‐ICU admitted patients, postoperative patients)	Physicians: All CCM fellowship trained (most EM) nursing: minimum 3 yr CCM experience
ResCCU (University of Pennsylvania)	3 resuscitation bays + 2 beds	Outpatients (ED) and inpatients (ICU to ICU transfers as of 2018)	Physicians: All EM board‐certified, some dual EM‐CCM fellowship trained nursing: CCRN or ED RNs undergo extensive 8‐wk orientation
RACC (Stony Brook University)	3 resuscitation bays + 3 beds (critical care acute area), additional 16 beds (high‐acuity area)	Outpatients (ED), direct from EMS, direct from ED, OSH ED transfers	All EM board‐certified, some dual EM‐CCM fellowship trained, resuscitation fellows

CCM = critical care medicine, CCRN = specialty certification in critical care nursing, CCRU = Critical Care Resuscitation Unit, EC3 = Emergency Critical Care Center, ED = emergency department, EM = emergency medicine, EMS = emergency medical services, OSH = outside hospital, RACC = Resuscitation and Acute Critical Care Unit, ResCCU = Resuscitation and Critical Care Unit, RN = registered nurse.