Table 1.

Characteristics of the Pragmatic Airway Resuscitation Trial (PART), the AIRWAYS‐2 trial, and the Cardiac Arrest Airway Management (CAAM) trial

Characteristic	PART	AIRWAYS‐2	CAAM
Setting	United States	United Kingdom	France, Belgium
Patients	Adult (≥18 years) OHCA requiring BVM or advanced airway management	All adult (≥18 years) OHCA	All adult (≥18 years) OHCA
Comparisons	Laryngeal tube versus endotracheal intubation	i‐gel versus endotracheal intubation	Bag‐valve‐mask ventilation versus endotracheal intubation
Practitioners	Paramedics, select emergency medical technicians	Paramedics	Physicians, nurses, paramedics
Total enrollment	3004	9296	2043
Design	Superiority	Superiority	Non‐inferiority
Method of randomization	Cluster randomization with cross‐over. Randomization units defined by EMS agencies	Cluster randomization without cross‐over. Randomized by individual paramedic	Randomization by patient—assignment determined by sealed opaque envelopes
Primary outcome	72‐hour survival	Hospital survival with favorable functional status	28‐day survival with favorable neurologic status
Patients not receiving any of study interventions	∼12%a	∼18%b	∼0.7%c
Primary finding	LT superior to ETI (72‐hour survival LT 18.3% versus ETI 15.4%, difference 2.9% (95% CI: 0.2–5.6), P = 0.04	No difference between i‐gel and ETI (hospital survival with favorable functional outcome i‐gel 6.4% versus ETI 6.8%, OR 0.92% (95% CI: 0.77–1.09), P = 0.33)	Inconclusive (28‐day survival with favorable neurologic status BVM 4.3% versus ETI 4.2%, difference 0.11% (one‐sided 97.5% CI: −1.64 to 0), non‐inferiority P = 0.11)
Important secondary findings	Shorter EMS‐to‐airway time in LT than TI. Low airway insertion success rate in the ETI arm (51.6%). Allocation imbalance in select randomization clusters.	Differential use of advanced airway management between groups. Superior initial ventilation success with i‐gel. No difference in regurgitation and aspiration between randomization groups.	BVM associated with more difficult ventilation and higher aspiration.

^aPatients who did not receive ETI or LT.

^bPatients who did not receive ETI or i‐gel.

^cPatients who did not receive ETI or BVM.