. 2020 Sep 2;11:558855. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.558855

Table 6.

Non-emergence causes (% ± standard deviation) based on the results of the simulations.

Causes of non-emergence	Location	2013						2014
		ES			CS			ES			CS
		Ecudor	Isidor	Santana	Ecudor	Isidor	Santana	Ecudor	Isidor	Santana	Ecudor	Isidor	Santana
Non-germination	En Crambade	3^a ± 0.37	1^a ± 0.32	3^b ± 0.33	3^b ± 0.38	1^a ± 0.21	3^b ± 0.19	3^b ± 0.12	1^a ± 0.16	3^b ± 0.51	3^b ± 0.74	1^a ± 0.17	3^b ± 0.6
	Mondonville	3^b ± 0.32	0.8^a ± 0.16	3^b ± 0.28	3^b ± 0.35	1^a ± 0.10	3^b ± 0.30	NT	NT	NT	3^b ± 0.39	0.84^a ± 0.19	3^b ± 0.72
	Rivières	3^b ± 0.55	1^{a ±}0.08	3^b ± 0.15	3^b ± 0.76	1^a ± 0.24	3^b ± 0.46	3^b ± 0.49	0.82^a ± 0.15	3^b ± 0.40	3^b ± 0.18	1^a ± 0.21	3^b ± 0.28
	Overall significance level
	Location	Sowing date	Cultivar	Year	Location x Cultivar	Sowing date x cultivar	Cultivar x year
	NS	NS	***	NS	NS	NS	NS
Soil aggregates	En Crambade	11^a ± 0.50	11^a ± 0.65	11^a ± 0.75	10^a ± 0.46	11^a ± 0.52	11^a ± 1	11^a ± 0.75	10^a ± 0.72	10^a ± 0.34	11^a ± 0.62	10^a ± 0.52	10^a ± 0.6
	Mondonville	14^b ± 0.78	13^ab ± 0.63	12^a ± 0.61	13^a ± 0.79	14^a ± 0.6	14^a ± 0.68	NT	NT	NT	13^a ± 1.20	14^a ± 0.73	13^a ± 0.60
	Rivières	13^a ± 0.4	14^a ± 0.91	13^a ± 0.80	13^a ± 0.48	13^a ± 0.84	12^a ± 1.15	13^a ± 0.44	13^a ± 1	13^a ± 1.36	13^a ± 0.26	13^a ± 1	13^a ± 1.4
	Overall significance level
	Location	Sowing date	Cultivar	Year	Location x Cultivar	Sowing date x cultivar	Cultivar x year
	***	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Crust	En Crambade	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	3^a ± 0.2	7^c ± 0.68	5^b ± 0.36	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0
	Mondonville	34^a ± 1.40	35^a ± 1.96	34^a ± 0.6	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	NT	NT	NT	7^a ± 1	12^b ± 0.54	8^a ± 1
	Rivières	21^a ± 1.25	22^a ± 0.77	21^a ± 0.51	2^a ± 0.27	5^c ± 0.30	4^b ± 0.60	5^a ± 0.52	8^b ± 0.47	6^a ± 0.39	8^a ± 0.41	10^b ± 0.85	8^a ± 0.81
	Overall significance level
	Location	Sowing date	Cultivar	Year	Location x Cultivar	Sowing date x cultivar	Cultivar x year
	***	***	***	***	**	NS	***

ES, early sowing; CS, conventional sowing; NT, not tested; NS, not significant; means followed by the same letter are not significantly different within Locations, cultivars, year or sowing dates at p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001; **p < 0.01.

Values are an average of 10 simulations (1000 seeds/simulation/cultivar for each sowing date/location/year (360 000 seeds in total).