Central Illustration.

Associations of Cardiovascular Biomarkers With Incident Heart Failure: Men Versus Women

Associations of individual biomarkers with incident heart failure were evaluated using Fine-Gray models adjusting for the competing risk of death, and for the following variables: age, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, body mass index, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, and presence of left ventricular hypertrophy/left bundle branch block. Natriuretic peptides include N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide or B-type natriuretic peptide. Cardiac troponins include cardiac troponin-T or I. Interaction p value denotes sex•covariate interaction on a multiplicative scale in the total population. None of the biomarkers displayed a significant interaction with sex for heart failure outcome. CI = confidence interval; PAI = plasminogen activator inhibitor; sHR = subdistribution hazard ratio; sST2 = soluble interleukin-1 receptor-like 1; UACR = urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.