Table 2.
Associations of Clinical Risk Factors With Incident Heart Failure: Men Versus Women
| Men |
Women |
Interaction |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sHR (95% CI) | p Value | sHR (95% CI) | p Value | pint | |
| Age (per 10 yrs) | 1.80 (1.67–1.95) | <0.001 | 2.07 (1.89–2.28) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Smoking | 1.36 (1.14–1.63) | 0.001 | 1.50 (1.25–1.81) | <0.001 | 0.845 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.49 (1.28–1.72) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.49–2.09) | <0.001 | 0.164 |
| Hypertension | 1.67 (1.45–1.93) | <0.001 | 1.98 (1.68–2.34) | <0.001 | 0.073 |
| Body mass index (per 4 kg/m2) | 1.28 (1.21–1.36) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.12–1.24) | <0.001 | 0.020 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.83 (1.37–2.44) | <0.001 | 2.58 (1.62–4.13) | <0.001 | 0.153 |
| Myocardial infarction | 2.19 (1.85–2.60) | <0.001 | 1.69 (1.28–2.22) | <0.001 | 0.349 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 2.11 (1.62–2.75) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.36–2.26) | <0.001 | 0.515 |
| Left bundle branch block | 2.43 (1.62–3.63) | <0.001 | 3.14 (2.13–4.64) | <0.001 | 0.281 |
| C-statistic | 0.80 (0.79–0.82) | — | 0.83 (0.81–0.84) | — | — |
Fine-Gray models were adjusted for the competing risk of death, and for the following variables: age, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, body mass index, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, and left ventricular hypertrophy/left bundle branch block; strata statement included. Interaction p value (pint) denotes sex•covariate interaction on a multiplicative scale in the total population.
CI = confidence interval; sHR = subdistribution hazard ratio per unit change in the clinical covariate.