Fig. 4.

Effect of AD and voluntary physical exercise on level of astrocytic markers in hippocampi. a Representative WB of astrocytic markers GFAP, S100β, glutamine synthetase (GS), ALDH1L1, and β actin in hippocampal protein samples. b Analysis of the WB bands normalized to β actin. Data were normalized to WT-SED values and presented as mean (± SEM). Two-way ANOVA used to measure genotype and exercise effect between WT and 5xFAD mice followed by unpaired t test comparison in case of significant interaction between two factors (genotype*exercise). n = 5–7/group. «*» Genotype effect, «#» exercise effect: ***p < 0.001, #p < 0.05