. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 16.

Published in final edited form as: Gastrointest Endosc. 2018 Apr 27;88(3):413–426. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2018.04.2352

Table 4:

Non-endoscopic screening methods and characteristics

Screening Method	Author (year)	Study Size (N)	Dysplasia and ESCC (N)	Assay method	Sensitivity	Specificity
Direct Sampling Techniques
Inflatable Balloon	Roth (1997)⁶³	439	123 (28%) esophageal squamous dysplasia 16 (4%) ESCC	Cytology only	47% esophageal squamous dysplasia+	81% esophageal squamous dysplasia+
Inflatable Balloon	Pan (2008) ⁶²	725	232 (32%) esophageal squamous dysplasia +	Cytology only	46% esophageal squamous dysplasia+	84% esophageal squamous dysplasia+
Mechanical Balloon	Pan (2008)⁶²	725	232 (32%) esophageal squamous dysplasia+	Cytology only	39% esophageal squamous dysplasia+	85% esophageal squamous dysplasia+
Sponge	Roth (1997)⁶³	439	123 (28%) esophageal squamous dysplasia 16 (4%) ESCC	Cytology only	24% esophageal squamous dysplasia+	92% esophageal squamous dysplasia+
Inflatable Balloon	Adams (2008)⁵⁸	147	72 esophageal squamous dysplasia (25 mild, 26 moderate, 21 severe)	Cytology + Panel of Methylated DNA markers^*	50% HGD+	28% HGD+
Sponge	Roshandel (2014)⁶⁴	301	18 esophageal squamous dysplasia, (4 with HGD)	Cytology + p53	22% esophageal squamous dysplasia+_ 100% HGD+	97% HGD+
Breath Markers
Volatile Organic Compounds	Zou (2016)⁶⁸	86	29 esophageal cancers (not specified)	7 ions analyzed on a home-made breath mass spectrometer—PTR-MS apparatus (Ion Sniffer 2020Q).	86.2% for Esophageal cancer	89.5% for Esophageal cancer
Blood Markers
Autoantibodies	Zhou (2014)⁹⁴	567	65 esophageal squamous dysplasia 88 ESCC	6 marker panel^{^}	64% (for ESCC) 38% for esophageal squamous dysplasia+	94% (for ESCC)
Autoantibodies	Xu (2014)⁷¹	513	237 ESCC	6 marker panel^~	45% for ESCC	95% for ESCC
miRNA	Zhang 2010⁹⁵	430	290 ESCC	7 miRNA panel^#	80% for ESCC	90% for ESCC
Circulating tumor cells and mRNA	Cao (2009)⁹⁶	182	108 ESCC	Survivin mRNA expressing circulating tumor cells	47.2% for ESCC	100% for ESCC

AHRR, p16INK4a, MT1G, and CLDN3

^{^}

P53, IMP1, P16, cyclin B1, P62, and C-myc

p53, NY-ESO-1, MMP-7, Hsp70, Prx VI, and BMI-1

miR-10a, miR-22, miR-100, miR-148b, miR-223, miR-133a, and miR-127–3p