Table 3.
Association Between Use of Anticholinergic Medications (Categorized According to Clinical Significance) and Cognitive Function (Mean and SD)
| MMSE† | Imm. Recall‡ | Del. Recall§ | Digit Back|| | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No use | |||||
| Baseline | 29.2 (1.3) | 6.9 (2.2) | 6.1 (2.4) | 5.2 (2.2) | |
| Follow-up | 29.0 (1.3) | 6.6 (2.2) | 5.8 (2.4) | 5.0 (2.2) | |
| Change | −0.2 (0.02)*** | −0.3 (0.03)*** | −0.3 (0.04)*** | −0.2 (0.03)*** | |
| TSDD 1–90 | |||||
| Baseline | 29.3 (1.2) | 7.3 (2.3) | 6.4 (2.3) | 4.9 (2.1) | |
| Follow-up | 29.0 (1.4) | 6.9 (2.4) | 6.2 (2.4) | 4.7 (2.2) | |
| Change | −0.3 (0.1)*** | −0.4 (0.1)** | −0.2 (0.1) | −0.2 (0.1)* | |
| TSDD 91–365 | |||||
| Baseline | 28.9 (1.3) | 6.7 (2.5) | 5.5 (2.7) | 4.8 (2.1) | |
| Follow-up | 28.7 (1.8) | 6.0 (2.1) | 5.3 (2.3) | 4.6 (2.1) | |
| Change | −0.2 (0.2) | −0.7 (0.3) | −0.2 (0.3) | −0.2 (0.2) | |
| TSDD 366–1,095 | |||||
| Baseline | 29.2 (0.9) | 7.1 (2.1) | 6.1 (2.1) | 5.1 (2.4) | |
| Follow-up | 29.2 (1.0) | 6.3 (2.1) | 5.6 (2.1) | 4.7 (2.2) | |
| Change | 0 (0.1) | −0.8 (0.2)*** | −0.5 (0.2) | −0.4 (0.2) | |
| TSDD >1,095 | |||||
| Baseline | 29.0 (1.3) | 6.5 (2.4) | 5.8 (2.6) | 4.6 (2.1) | |
| Follow-up | 28.8 (1.5) | 6.2 (2.4) | 5.4 (2.4) | 4.6 (2.1) | |
| Change | −0.2 (0.1)* | −0.3 (0.1)* | −0.4 (0.1)*** | 0 (0.1) | |
| Spot¶ | SDMT# | PPEG (DH)†† | PPEG (NDH)‡‡ | PPEG (BH)§§ | |
| No use | |||||
| Baseline | 52.9 (5.4) | 49.5 (9.4) | 13.5 (2.1) | 12.7 (2.0) | 10.4 (1.8) |
| Follow-up | 52.9 (5.3) | 47.2 (9.7) | 12.2 (2.1) | 11.6 (2.0) | 9.4 (1.9) |
| Change | 0 (0.1)*** | −2.3 (0.1)*** | −1.3 (0.03)*** | −1.1 (0.03)*** | −1.0 (0.03)*** |
| TSDD 1–90 | |||||
| Baseline | 52.0 (5.0) | 49.5 (9.5) | 13.5 (2.1) | 12.6 (1.9) | 10.4 (1.8) |
| Follow-up | 51.8 (5.3) | 47.6 (9.1) | 12.2 (2.2) | 11.5 (2.0) | 9.3 (1.9) |
| Change | −0.2 (0.3) | −2.1 (0.5)*** | −1.3 (0.1)*** | −1.1 (0.1)*** | −1.1 (0.1)*** |
| TSDD 91–365 | |||||
| Baseline | 51.4 (5.4) | 49.5 (9.4) | 13.9 (1.9) | 12.9 (1.9) | 10.7 (1.9) |
| Follow-up | 51.3 (5.5) | 46.0 (9.8) | 12.2 (2.0) | 12.3 (1.5) | 9.5 (1.7) |
| Change | −0.1 (0.6) | −3.5 (1.1)** | −1.7 (0.2)*** | −0.6 (0.2)** | −1.2 (0.2)*** |
| TSDD 366–1,095 | |||||
| Baseline | 53.0 (5.3) | 49.7 (6.8) | 13.7 (2.2) | 12.7 (1.9) | 10.4 (1.9) |
| Follow-up | 52.7 (6.1) | 48.2 (6.6) | 12.5 (1.9) | 11.6 (2.0) | 9.2 (1.9) |
| Change | −0.3 (0.6) | −1.5 (0.7)* | −1.2 (0.2)*** | −1.1 (0.2)*** | −1.2 (0.2)*** |
| TSDD >1,095 | |||||
| Baseline | 51.3 (5.8) | 46.6 (9.8) | 12.9 (2.3) | 12.0 (2.1) | 10.1 (2.0) |
| Follow-up | 51.2 (5.9) | 44.3 (10.1) | 11.5 (2.4) | 11.0 (2.3) | 8.8 (2.1) |
| Change | −0.1 (0.4) | −2.3 (0.4)*** | −1.4 (0.1)*** | −1.0 (0.1)*** | −1.3 (0.1)*** |
| SRT|||| | CRT¶¶ | Trail A## | Trail B††† | ||
| No use | |||||
| Baseline | 276.0 (72.1) | 328.4 (51.6) | 35.0 (12.5) | 81.4 (33.7) | |
| Follow-up | 283.7 (68.7) | 345.5 (57.5) | 37.5 (14.4) | 88.4 (37.8) | |
| Change | 7.7 (1.0)*** | 17.1 (0.8)*** | 2.5 (0.2)*** | 7.0 (0.5)*** | |
| TSDD 1–90 | |||||
| Baseline | 290.0 (93.7) | 338.6 (65.5) | 34.5 (9.4) | 78.9 (31.5) | |
| Follow-up | 286.1 (61.2) | 346.9 (49.6) | 36.8 (10.6) | 86.0 (31.3) | |
| Change | −3.9 (4.2) | 8.3 (3.1)** | 2.3 (0.5)*** | 7.1 (1.7)*** | |
| TSDD 91–365 | |||||
| Baseline | 270.2 (56.7) | 329.1 (45.8) | 32.5 (8.9) | 77.7 (24.5) | |
| Follow-up | 282.5 (55.1) | 345.6 (43.7) | 34.9 (9.4) | 92.2 (36.1) | |
| Change | 12.3 (6.2) | 16.5 (4.9)** | 2.4 (1.0)* | 14.5 (3.4)*** | |
| TSDD 366–1,095 | |||||
| Baseline | 272.1 (48.9) | 331.0 (45.9) | 33.4 (8.3) | 81.2 (42.3) | |
| Follow-up | 282.2 (44.1) | 340.9 (41.2) | 38.2 (12.4) | 86.9 (30.4) | |
| Change | 10.1 (4.8)* | 9.9 (4.5)* | 4.8 (1.1)*** | 5.7 (3.8) | |
| TSDD >1,095 | |||||
| Baseline | 306.7 (109.6) | 342.7 (65.3) | 37.6 (14.8) | 88.0 (36.0) | |
| Follow-up | 311.5 (94.9) | 363.8 (74.9) | 40.1 (19.0) | 100.8 (42.3) | |
| Change | 4.8 (4.6) | 21.1 (3.1)*** | 2.5 (0.8)** | 12.8 (1.8)*** |
Notes: Measures for Trail A, Trail B, SRT, and CRT represent response time. Thus, positive values for change indicate a cognitive decline. All other measures (MMSE, Immediate Recall, Delayed Recall, Digit Back, Spot, SDMT, and PPEG) represent the number of items completed correctly (negative values for change indicate cognitive decline).
†Mini-Mental State Examination. ‡Immediate Recall. §Delayed Recall. ||Digit Span Backwards Test. ¶Spot-the-Word Test. #Symbol Digit Modalities Test. ††Purdue Pegboard Test (Dominant Hand). ‡‡Purdue Pegboard Test (Nondominant hand). §§Purdue Pegboard Test (Both hands). ||||Simple Reaction Time. ¶¶Choice Reaction Time. ##Trail Making Test Part A. †††Trail Making Test Part B.
*Significance at p < .05 **Indicates significance at p < .01 ***indicates significance at p < .001.