Table 5.
Effect Modification of the Association Between Use of Anticholinergic Medications (Categorized According to Clinical Significance) and Cognitive Function (β weights and SE) by Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 Allele
| MMSE† | Immediate Recall | Delayed Recall | Digit Back‡ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TSDD 1–90 | |||||
| +/− | 0.14 (0.31) | −0.12 (0.50) | −0.03 (0.51) | −0.03 (0.41) | |
| +/+ | −0.44 (0.77) | −1.74 (1.30) | −1.22 (1.30) | −0.89 (1.11) | |
| TSDD 91–365 | |||||
| +/− | 0.11 (0.56) | −0.01 (0.85) | 0.14 (0.85) | −0.49 (0.89) | |
| +/+ | −0.45 (1.28) | −1.19 (2.14) | −2.54 (2.16) | −2.42 (1.88) | |
| TSDD 366–1,095 | |||||
| +/− | 0.87 (0.49) | −0.22 (0.82) | −1.49 (0.82) | −0.20 (0.81) | |
| +/+ | 1.64 (0.95) | −2.19 (1.60) | −3.76 (1.60)* | −0.79 (1.38) | |
| TSDD >1,095 | |||||
| +/− | 0.22 (0.25) | 0.30 (0.37) | −0.10 (0.36) | −0.25 (0.36) | |
| +/+ | 0.92 (0.69) | 0.47 (1.12) | 0.29 (1.14) | 0.27 (1.01) | |
| Spot§ | SDMT|| | PPEG (DH)¶ | PPEG (NDH)# | PPEG (BH)†† | |
| TSDD 1–90 | |||||
| +/− | −0.35 (0.57) | 0.35 (1.35) | 0.19 (0.54) | −0.07 (0.47) | −0.32 (0.42) |
| +/+ | 0.48 (1.51) | 1.04 (3.70) | −1.56 (1.24) | −0.10 (1.89) | −0.19 (1.01) |
| TSDD 91–365 | |||||
| +/− | 0.43 (1.11) | −1.55 (2.74) | 0.08 (0.81) | −0.36 (0.80) | −0.87 (0.72) |
| +/+ | 6.07 (2.53)* | 3.94 (6.14) | 0.72 (2.05) | −0.92 (1.95) | 0.79 (1.71) |
| TSDD 366–1,095 | |||||
| +/− | −0.13 (0.96) | 1.14 (2.27) | −0.34 (0.86) | 0.10 (0.74) | −0.10 (0.66) |
| +/+ | 0.24 (1.86) | 4.75 (4.48) | 0.64 (1.51) | −0.60 (1.43) | −0.003 (1.26) |
| TSDD >1,095 | |||||
| +/− | 0.83 (0.50) | 1.87 (1.09) | 0.08 (0.35) | 0.18 (0.33) | 0.21 (0.31) |
| +/+ | 0.99 (1.32) | −0.54 (3.21) | −1.63 (1.10) | 0.09 (1.04) | 0.71 (0.89) |
| SRT‡‡ | CRT§§ | Trail A|||| | Trail B¶¶ | ||
| TSDD 1–90 | |||||
| +/− | −20.61 (18.09) | −9.23 (13.09) | −1.99 (3.24) | 0.50 (6.46) | |
| +/+ | −45.76 (43.55) | −4.74 (28.35) | −7.99 (7.95) | −6.01 (17.69) | |
| TSDD 91–365 | |||||
| +/− | −25.71 (30.10) | −19.08 (21.84) | 2.59 (5.35) | −4.48 (13.04) | |
| +/+ | −101.84 (73.36) | −36.11 (47.42) | −5.72 (13.34) | 33.96 (29.28) | |
| TSDD 366–1,095 | |||||
| +/− | −21.33 (28.26) | −17.97 (19.48) | −1.89 (4.89) | 12.13 (10.83) | |
| +/+ | 25.43 (54.00) | 31.56 (34.90) | 9.24 (9.83) | 78.82 (21.30)** | |
| TSDD >1,095 | |||||
| +/− | 5.64 (12.49) | 3.32 (8.81) | −3.38 (2.29) | −8.03 (5.11) | |
| +/+ | 13.91 (38.03) | 11.56 (24.49) | −12.03 (6.99) | −30.56 (15.77) |
Notes: Measures for Trail A, Trail B, SRT, and CRT represent response time. Thus, positive values for change indicate a cognitive decline. All other measures (MMSE, Immediate Recall, Delayed Recall, Digit Back, Spot, SDMT, and PPEG) represent the number of items completed correctly (negative values for change indicate cognitive decline). +/− = presence of one APOE-ε4 allele. +/+ = presence of two APOE-ε4 alleles.
†Mini-Mental State Examination. ‡Digit Span Backwards Test. §Spot-the-Word Test. ||Symbol Digit Modalities Test. ¶Purdue Pegboard Test (Dominant Hand). #Purdue Pegboard Test (Nondominant hand). ††Purdue Pegboard Test (Both hands). ‡‡Simple Reaction Time. §§Choice Reaction Time. ||||Trail Making Test Part A. ¶¶Trail Making Test Part B.
*Significance at p < .05. **Significance at p < .01. ***Significance at p < .001.