Table 1.
Characteristics of the Duke-EPESE Sample
| Duke-EPESE, N = 1,374 | African American Females, n = 471 | African American Males, n = 246 | White Females, n = 420 | White Males, n = 237 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | |||||
| Chronological age | 78.0 (5.41) | 78.6 (5.57) | 77.2 (5.34) | 78.8 (5.43) | 76.1 (4.53) |
| KDM Biological Age Advancement | 1.90 (20.0) | 6.48 (21.2) | 1.46 (22.1) | −1.96 (16.7) | 0.14 (18.9) |
| LM Biological Age Advancement | 1.61 (8.63) | 1.21 (9.20) | 3.55 (8.89) | −0.02 (7.53) | 3.26 (8.37) |
| Homeostatic dysregulation | 1.41 (0.23) | 1.46 (0.24) | 1.48 (0.24) | 1.34 (0.20) | 1.39 (0.23) |
| Participants by number of dependent ADLs (%) | |||||
| 0 | 500 (36.4%) | 111 (23.6%) | 111 (45.1%) | 138 (32.9%) | 140 (59.1%) |
| 1–2 | 362 (26.3%) | 132 (28.0%) | 59 (24.0%) | 114 (27.1%) | 57 (24.1%) |
| 3–5 | 279 (20.3%) | 112 (23.8%) | 46 (18.7%) | 96 (22.9%) | 25 (10.5%) |
| ≥6 | 233 (17.0%) | 116 (24.6%) | 30 (12.2%) | 72 (17.1%) | 15 (6.33%) |
| Participants by number of dependent IADLs (%) | |||||
| 0 | 855 (62.2%) | 248 (52.7%) | 145 (58.9%) | 271 (64.5%) | 191 (80.6%) |
| 1–2 | 311 (22.6%) | 131 (27.8%) | 60 (24.4%) | 93 (22.1%) | 27 (11.4%) |
| 3–5 | 137 (9.97%) | 61 (13.0%) | 25 (10.2%) | 42 (10.0%) | 9 (3.80%) |
| ≥6 | 71 (5.17%) | 31 (6.58%) | 16 (6.50%) | 14 (3.33%) | 10 (4.22%) |
| Mean (SD) | |||||
| Age at Death | 85.9 (6.45) | 86.6 (6.58) | 84.2 (6.17) | 87.1 (6.09) | 84.3 (6.43) |
Notes: Duke-EPESE participants gave blood at assessments conducted when all participants were aged 71 years and older. Klemera–Doubal method (KDM) Biological Age Advancement was calculated as the difference between estimated KDM Biological Age and chronological age. Levine method (LM) Biological Age Advancement was calculated in the same way. Dependent Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) are the number of ADLs and IADLs for which the study participant reported requiring assistance. Follow-up to age at death was conducted through 2017 using National Death Index data; 97% of participants were matched to a date of death.