. 2020 Sep 16;15(9):e0238348. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238348

Table 3. Poisson estimation of relative rates of bodies being unclaimed by family and economic characteristics 1976–2013.

(relative ratios)		Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Family Characteristics
Proportion never married			1.13	1.87^***	1.43^*
Proportion divorced/separated			0.99	0.38^***	1.55^*
Proportion living away from family¹			1.19^*	1.07	1.23^*
*Sex interactions (reference = female)*
	Male x never married			0.57^***
	Male x divorced/separated			4.45^***
	Male x living away from family¹			0.99
*Race interactions (reference = white)*
	African American x never married				0.73^*
	African American x divorced/separated				0.57^*
	African American x living away from family¹				0.83
	Other x never married				1.84
	Other x divorced/separated				1.07
	Other x living away from family¹				1.59
Economic Characteristics
Proportion unemployed²			2.33^***	1.11	2.94^**
Proportion living in poverty³			1.13	1.62^*	1.38
*Sex interactions (reference = female)*
	Male x unemployed²			2.070
	Male x living in poverty³			0.59^*
*Race interactions (reference = white)*
	African American x unemployed²				0.69
	African American x living in poverty³				0.79
	Other x unemployed²				0.38
	Other x living in poverty³				0.18^**
Demographic Characteristics
Female		(reference)
Male		1.71^***	1.71^***	1.55^***	1.74^***
White		(reference)
African American		1.42^***	1.36^***	1.38^***	1.69^***
Other		0.30^***	0.31^***	0.31^***	0.36^***
15–19		(reference)
20–24		2.53^***	2.48^***	2.59^***	2.54^***
25–34		4.47^***	4.62^***	4.77^***	4.99^***
35–44		6.12^***	6.68^***	6.82^***	7.40^***
45–54		6.75^***	7.52^***	7.74^***	8.47^***
55–64		5.70^***	6.48^***	6.70^***	7.40^***
65–74		4.06^***	4.67^***	4.76^***	5.38^***
75–84		2.59^***	2.98^***	3.06^***	3.50^***
85+		1.67^***	1.87^***	1.88^***	2.21^***
Year = 1976		(reference)
Year = 1979		1.05	1.06	1.05	1.05
Year = 1983		2.04^***	2.04^***	2.06^***	2.02^***
Year = 1986		2.17^***	2.21^***	2.25^***	2.18^***
Year = 1989		2.46^***	2.48^***	2.50^***	2.41^***
Year = 1993		2.38^***	2.36^***	2.36^***	2.30^***
Year = 1996		2.37^***	2.35^***	2.34^***	2.31^***
Year = 1999		2.21^***	2.21^***	2.19^***	2.14^***
Year = 2003		2.48^***	2.48^***	2.47^***	2.39^***
Year = 2006		2.82^***	2.80^***	2.80^***	2.73^***
Year = 2009		3.27^***	3.26^***	3.25^***	3.18^***
Year = 2013		2.94^***	2.84^***	2.82^***	2.71^***
Observations		614	614	614	614
Pseudo R-squared		0.7	0.7	0.71	0.7

* p < .05,

** p < .01, and

*** p < .001

Poisson models use total deaths in each sex-race-age-year category as the exposure to unclaimed deaths. Family and economic characteristics are aggregated by each sex-race-age-year category. Relative ratios represent the multiplicative increase in the risk of being unclaimed associated with one unit increase in the covariate. For continuous family and economic covariates, one unit increase is equivalent to proportions increasing from 0 to 1. Analysis is limited to non-veteran civilians aged 15 and above. Data only available for years ending in 3, 6, and 9. Data sources: Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) of the Current Population Survey 1976–2013; Center for Disease Control (CDC) Mortality file 1976–2013; Los Angeles County Office of Decedent Affairs (LACODA) unclaimed bodies (1976–2013). Model 1 includes demographic variables only. Model 2 adds family and economic variables to Model 1. Model 3 adds sex interactions to Model 2, and Model 4 adds race interactions to Model 2.

¹ Defined as people who are living in households without a person related by blood or marriage.

² Does not include people who are not in the labor force.

³ Defined as people whose household incomes fall below the 100% Federal Poverty Level (FPL).