Table 1.
Animal and human studies with NS and similar clays: 1988–2018.
| Treatment group | Mycotoxin | Clay treatment (and duration) | Major effects of clay reported in the study | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chickens | Aflatoxins | 0.5% (28 days) | Growth inhibition diminished; gross hepatic changes prevented. | Phillips et al. (1988) |
| Chickens | Aflatoxins | 0.5% (28 days) | Growth inhibition diminished; decreased mortality. | Kubena et al. (1990) |
| Chickens | Aflatoxins | 0.1%; 0.5% (24 h) | Reduced bioavailability of aflatoxin to the liver and blood in a dose-dependent manner. | Davidson et al. (1987) |
| Chickens | Aflatoxins | 0.5%; 1.0% (21 days) | Growth inhibitory effects reduced. | Araba and Wyatt (1991) |
| Chickens | Aflatoxins | 0%–1.0% (21 days) | Feed conversions improved; growth inhibition diminished. | Doerr (1989) |
| Chickens | Aflatoxins | 1.0% (21 days) | Growth inhibition completely prevented. | Ledoux et al. (1999) |
| Chickens | Afl/Ochratoxin A | 0.5% (21 days) | Decreased growth inhibitory effects; no effect against ochratoxin. | Huff et al. (1992) |
| Chickens | Afl/Trichothecenes | 0.5% (21 days) | Diminished growth inhibition; no effect against trichothecenes. | Kubena et al. (1990) |
| Chickens | None | 0.5%; 1.0% (14 days) | NS did not impair phytate or inorganic phosphorous utilization. | Chung and Baker (1990) |
| Chickens | None | 0.5%; 1.0% (14 days) | NS did not impair utilization of riboflavin, vitamin A, or Mn; slight reduction of Zn. | Chung et al. (1990) |
| Chickens | Aflatoxins | 0.1%; 0.2% | 0.2% significantly reduced toxicity in the liver, 0.1% was not able to prevent toxicity. | Jayaprakash et al. (1992) |
| Chickens | Afl/Trichothecenes | 0.25%; 0.37%; 0.8% (21 days) | Diminished growth inhibition; no effect against trichothecenes. | Kubena et al. (1993) |
| Chickens | Aflatoxins | 0.125%; 0.25%; 0.5% (21 days) | Protected against vitamin A depletion in the livers of chicks exposed to aflatoxins. | Pimpukdee et al. (2004) |
| Chickens | None (def. diets) | 0.5% (19 days) | Did not affect growth performance or tibial mineral concentrations of chicks. | Southern et al. (1994) |
| Chickens | Aflatoxins | 0.5 HCSAS; 0.5 HCSAS + 16.5 mg VM/Kg (28 days) | HSCAS and HSCAS+VM (virginiamycin) counteracted some of the toxic effects of AF in growing broiler chicks. | Abo-Norag et al. (1995) |
| Chickens | Cyclopiazonic acid | 1.0% (21 days) | Clay did not significantly prevent the adverse effects of clyclopiazonic acid. | Dwyer et al. (1997) |
| Chickens | Aflatoxins | 0.5%; 0.5% + 0.5 TMP (3 wks) | Improved feed intake and weight gain. Alleviated the adverse effects of AFB1 on some serum chemistry. | Gowda et al. (2008) |
| Chickens | Aflatoxins | 0.1%; 0.2% (21 days) | Clay effectively alleviated the negative effect of AFB1 on growth performance and liver damage. | Zhao et al. (2010) |
| Chickens | Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, T-2 toxin | 0.2% (42 days) | Increased feed intake and apparent retention of phosphorus. Prevented adverse effects to mycotoxins. | Liu et al. (2011) |
| Turkeys | Aflatoxins | 0.5% (21 days) | Decreased mortality. | Kubena et al. (1991) |
| Turkeys | Aflatoxins | 0.5% (21 days) | Decreased urinary excretion of aflatoxin M1. | Edrington et al. (1996) |
| Pigs | Aflatoxins | 0.5% (35 days) | Clay prevented hepatocellular changes normally associated with aflatoxin consumption. | Colvin et al. (1989) |
| Pigs | Aflatoxins | 0.5% | Decreased DNA adducts in the liver and reduced tissue residues of total aflatoxins. | Beaver et al. (1990) |
| Pigs | Aflatoxins | 0.5% (42 days) | Diminished growth inhibition. | Lindemann et al. (1993) |
| Pigs | Aflatoxins | 0.5%; 2.0% (28 days) | Decreased growth inhibition; prevention of serum effects and hepatic lesions. | Harvey et al. (1994) |
| Pigs | Aflatoxins | 0.5%; 2.0% (28 days) | Diminished growth inhibition, hepatic lesions and immunosuppression. | Harvey et al. (1998) |
| Pigs | Aflatoxins | 0.5% (35 days) | Growth inhibitory effects reduced. | Schell et al. (1993) |
| Pigs | Ochratoxins | 1.0% | No significant effect. | Bauer (1994) |
| Pigs | Trichothecenes | 0.5%; 1.0% (7–13 days) | No significant effect. | Patterson and Young (1993) |
| Dogs | Aflatoxins | 0.5% (48 h) | Significantly reduced the bioavailability of aflatoxins and excretion of M1 in urine. | Bingham et al. (2004) |
| Lambs | Aflatoxins | 2.0% (42 days) | Diminished growth inhibition and immunosuppression. | Harvey et al. (1991) |
| Mink | Aflatoxins | 0.5% (77 days) | Mortality was prevented. | Bonna et al. (1991) |
| Mink | Zearalenone | 0.5% (24 days) | Clay did not appreciably alter the hyperestrogenic effects. | Bursian et al. (1992) |
| Dairy Cows | Aflatoxins | 0.5%; 1.0% (28 days) | Reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk. | Harvey et al. (1991) |
| Dairy Goats | Aflatoxins | 1.0%; 2.0%; 4.0% (12 days) | Reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk. | Smith et al. (1994) |
| Mice | Zearalenone | 400 mg/kg bw; 5 g/kg bw (48 h) | Prevented the general toxicity of ZEN. | Abbès et al. (2006) |
| Mice | Zearalenone | 400, 600 or 800 mg/kg bw (48 h) | Decreased chromosomal aberrations and increased the number of polychromatic erythrocytes in bone-marrow cells. | Abbès et al. (2007) |
| Rats (and Sheep) | Ergotamine | Rats: 2.0% (28 days) Sheep: 20% (17 days) | HSCAS did not significantly protect rats or sheep from fescue toxicosis. | Chestnut et al. (1992) |
| Rats | Aflatoxins | 0.1%; 1.0%(8wks) | Partial protection against lesions in the liver. | Voss et al. (1993) |
| Rats | Aflatoxins | 0.5% (21 days) | Prevention of maternal/developmental toxicity. | Mayura et al. (1998) |
| Rats | Aflatoxins | 0.5% (21 days) | Decreased growth inhibition in pregnant rats. | Abdel-Wahhab et al. (1998) |
| Rats | Aflatoxins | 0.5% (48 h) | Decreased urinary excretion of aflatoxin metabolites (M1 and P1). | Sarr et al. (1995) |
| Rats | None | 2.0% (16 days) | In pregnant rats, Rb was reduced in groups with clay. Neither NSP nor SWY-2 influenced mineral intake. | Wiles et al. (2004) |
| Rats | None | 0.25%; 0.5%; 1.0%; 2.0% (6 mo) | No adverse effects including vitamin utilization. | Afriyie-Gyawu et al. (2005) |
| Rats | Aflatoxins | 5 g TM/kg; 5g HSCAS/kg (30 days) | Prevented deleterious effects of aflatoxins. | Abbes et al. (2010) |
| Rats | None | 0.25%; 2.0% (3 months) | Increased serum Ca, Na, Vit. E. Reduced Zn in males at 2% clay. Reduced serum K in males of clay groups. | Marroquin-Cardona et al. (2011) |
| Rats (and Humans) | Afl/Fumonisins | 2.0%, 1.5 g/d; 3 g/d (3 mo) | Reduction of urinary FB1 in rats and humans. | Robinson et al. (2012) |
| Rats | Afl/Fumonisins | 0.25%; 2.0% (1 week) | Reduced bioavailability of AFB1 and FB1 individually and in combination. | Mitchell et al. (2013) |
| Humans | None | 1.5 g; 3 g (2 weeks) | Mild GI effects. No difference in hematology, electrolytes, liver and kidney function. | Wang et al. (2005) |
| Humans | None | 1.5 g/day; 3 g/day (3 months) | Moderate effects, though not significant. No significant difference in hematology, electrolytes, liver and kidney function. | Afriyie-Gyawu et al. (2008) |
| Humans | N/A | N/A | Review Article. NS was shown to reduce biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure from urine and serum in humans. | Phillips et al. (2008) |
| Humans | N/A | In capsules: 1.5 g/day;3 g/day (3 months) | Significantly reduced AFM1 biomarker in urine and AFB1-albumin biomarker in serum. | Wang et al. (2008) |
| Humans | N/A | 1.5 g/day; 3 g/day (3 mo) | No significant effects in vitamins A and E and micronutrients, except for strontium. | Afriyie-Gyawu et al. (2008) |
| Humans | N/A | N/A | Review Article. NS is effective in binding aflatoxin from food that is highly contaminated. | Wu et al. (2010) |
| Hydra | N/A | 0.1%; 0.3%; 0.5% (92 hr) | No toxicity from NS. | Marroquin-Cardona et al. (2009) |
| Hydra | Afl/Fumonisins | 0.01%; 0.7%; 1.4%; 2.0% (92 h) | Protection from AFB1, FB1, and co-exposure to AFB1/FB1. | Brown et al. (2014) |
| Humans | N/A | 1.5 g/day; 3 g/day (3 months) | FB1 was detected in the urine of participants and were decreased by > 90% in the high dose of NS. | Robinson et al. (2012) |
| Red Drum | Aflatoxin | 0–5 ppm in the diet with 0, 1% or 2% NS for 7 weeks | NS inclusion improved weight gain, feed efficiency, muscle somatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratios. | Zychowski et al. (2013) |
| Children (3–9 years) | N/A | 0.75 g/day; 1.5 g/day (2 weeks) | Significantly reduced AFM1 in urine with no adverse events from treatment. | Mitchell et al. (2014) |
| Humans | N/A | 3 g/day (in breakfast and dinner); 2 week crossover study | A reduction up to 55% in median AFM1 levels was observed within 5 days of treatment. All participants said they would eat the food again. No adverse events were associated with UPSN consumption. | Mitchell et al. (2013) |
| Children | N/A | 6 g/day; 12 g/day (3 days) | Significantly reduced stool output in children with acute watery diarrhea | Dupont et al. (2009) |
| Human | Aflatoxin | 1.5 g/day | Sustainable reduction of aflatoxins. | Elmore et al. (2014) |
| Human | Aflatoxin | 1.5 g/day; 3 g/day (3 months) | Reduction of aflatoxin serum biomarker at low dose. | Pollock et al. (2016) |
| Human | Aflatoxin | 3 g/day (7 days) | Reduction in urinary metabolite (AFM1). | Awuor et al. (2016) |
| Rats | Afl/Fumonisins | 0.125 mg AF, or 25 mg FB (singly and in combination); 72 h | UPSN significantly reduced the bioavailability of both AF and FB and the combination of toxins. | Mitchell et al. (2014) |
| Mice | N/A | 4% w/w diet for 4 week trial. | NS mitigated the effects of TNBS-induced colitis based on reduction in systemic markers of inflammation, significant improvement in weight gain and intestinal microbial profile. | Zychowski et al. (2015) |
| Dairy Cows | Aflatoxins | Latin-Square, 5 14-d periods (day 1–7 data; day 8–14 washout); 100 ppb aflatoxins. TX | NSP reduced the transfer and excretion of AFM1 in milk with no negative effects on dry matter intake, milk production, milk quality and composition. | Maki et al. (2016) |
| Dairy Cows | Aflatoxins | Latin-Square, 14-day periods; 100 ppb aflatoxins. GA | NSP reduced the transfer and excretion of AFM1 in milk without interfering with milk quality or composition. | Maki et al. (2016) |
| Dairy Cows | Aflatoxins | Latin-Square, 5 10-day periods; NS at 0.125 and 0.25% w/w | Compared to all studies, NSP resulted in a linear decrease in AFM1 ranging from 17% to 71% without interfering with milk quality and composition. | Maki et al. (2017) |
| Rats | Afl/Fumonisins | 150 ug/kg AF for 14 days; 250 mg/kg FB for 21 days | Sequential exposure to AF + FB synergistically increased the numbers of liver GTP-P+ foci by 7.3 and 12.9 fold. | Qian et al. (2016) |
| Rats | Afl/Fumonisins | 150 ug/kg AF for 14 days; 250 mg/kg FB for 21 days; 0.5 and 1.0% USPN clay | UPSN clay at a dose up to 0.5% in the diet was shown to be effective in modulating the toxicity and carcinogenicity of co-exposure to AFB1 and FB1 | Xue et al. (2018) |